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You can’t stand without feet… eo Rom t lie & Ju And you can’t “get” what you read (or write well) without knowing these tricks…

The Literary Elements and Techniques

1) Foreshadowing • Definition Hints or clues that connect with what happens later on in a story. Good job foreshadowing! • Example The old man ignored his chest pains. Later on he had a ________

Foreshadowing What is this foreshadowing?

1) Foreshadowing • Can you guess why this Star Wars poster is an example of foreshadowing?

2) Flashback • Definition A scene that interrupts the present to show what happened in the past. • Example The movie Stand by Me is told by an adult recalling his childhood. It’s all a memory. FLASHBACK!

2) Flashback • How is this soap opera clip an example of a flashback?

2) Flashback • On The TV show Lost, the characters flashback to before their plane crashed on the deserted island.

Flashback & Foreshadowing Time A flashback gives a glimpse of the past And foreshadowing gives a glimpse of the future Get it!

3) Protagonist • Definition the main character (from beginning to end) • Example Usually the “good guy” or hero “pro” means ____? And who do we usually root for in a story? The main character! We’re “pro” the protagonist!

4) Antagonist • Definition The opponent who blocks the hero • Example Usually the “bad guy” Anti means _____? We are “anti” the antagonist Could be any of these conflicts though: person vs. person, society, self, nature, or supernatural forces (new one! Machine!)

Let’s Play…. Protagonist or Antagonist

Auntie M. Help me! I want to go home! Dorothy from the Wizard of Oz

Good job! And this one? Protagonist or Antagonist?

Protagonist or Antagonist?

Protagonist or Antagonist? The Penguin

Protagonist or Antagonist? Luke Skywalker

Protagonist or Antagonist?

5) Characterization • Definition Character development. The writer reveals a character’s personality by what they say, _________, look like, or what others say or think about them. • Example Charlie is characterized as a good athlete, because others want him on their team in the story, and he scored most of the points in the game.

5) Characterization • My favorite character in any story I have read is _________ because 1. ) consider ways the author 2. ) made the character come to life, including: • interaction with others • physical traits • thoughts/behavior

6) Imagery • Definition The use of the 5 senses to create a clear mental picture of something. • Example the dark, cold cafeteria smelled like rotten fruit, but I was eating bologna. Highpitched complaints surrounded me. Which of the 5 senses make me imagine this scene in my mind?

6) Imagery What does this make you imagine? (imagery, get it)? It was a dark night, darker than usual, crisp and cool. The rain sounded like pellets against my raincoat, and the air smelled sweet from the spring flowers that had begun to bloom. I could still taste the garlic from my chicken parmesan I bought in a hurry for dinner, while I was on the case.

6) Imagery Did it make you imagine this?

6) Imagery That’s what is great about reading; our imaginations make it interesting and unique to what our own brains want to see, rather than what directors or producers want us to see.

7) Setting • Definition The time and place of a story • Example A New York City sky scraper, 9: 06 pm, July 4 th 2007.

7) Setting • Venice, Italy can be a romantic setting.

7) Setting • So can Paris, France – especially at night!

7) Setting Though, a hidden alley at night changes everything! Scary setting – good for a horror or dramatic story.

7) Setting • What’s a good setting for a horror? • A love story? • A comedy? • A science fiction story? • A fantasy? • A drama? • An action story?

8) Point of View • Definition • Example The perspective from which the narrator tells a story. (I/me or he/they)? 1 st person = I, me, we. 3 rd person limited = he, she, they, 3 rd person omniscient = he, she, they, but all-knowing narrator.

8) Point of View Draw a nice large Venn diagram like this. My first person pt. of view of Thanksgiving What about my point of view! A 3 rd person omniscient narrator’s pt. of view of my thanksgivings A turkey’s 1 st person point of view of Thanksgiving

9) Metaphor • Example • Definition • You’re a peach! I’m implying An implied comparison that you and the peach have He’s a clown! Get it!? He’s not really a clown, but what does he have in common with one? They’re both_____. something in common… your both sweet. • He’s a brick (both are • • solid) She’s a flower (both blossom) The classroom’s an oven (both _____)?

10) Simile • Definition An obvious comparison using “like” or “as” He’s as fast as a speeding train! • Example • Rosa sings like an • • • angel Gary smells like a horse It’s as sweet as candy The rain poured like a faucet.

11) Hyperbole • Definition An exaggeration This is more writing than I ever did in my whole life! • Example • I walked forever to • get to his house. Or I was so happy I thanked him a million times.

Hi, I’m Napoleon Dynamite and I love to exaggerate with hyperboles. SWEET! 11) Hyperbole Spot the hyperbole! Pay attention!

11) Hyperbole Spot the hyperbole in this clip! Here, he already had school lunch and saved the rest of his tater-tots in his pocket. What’s he exaggerating about?

Those were the worst film clips EVER! This is the worst lesson ever! Thank goodness my teachers are the best EVER! Though, that’s not a hyperbole!

12) Symbol • Definition Anything that represents itself and something else. • • • Example symbolizes love symbolizes death or danger.

12) Symbol As silly as it sounds, in the 90’s the singer and icon Prince changed his name to this symbol I did it because the record company “owned” my name and took the money any time I recorded, as if it was a band’s name

12) Symbol Pop Quiz The name of my song you hear is “When Doves Cry. ” What do doves symbolize?

13) Allegory • Definition a symbolic story • Example • “The Terrible Things” is an allegory of _________? Read along and find out!

13) Allegory Hey! What a neat way to remember the definition – It ______’s with the word! An allegory is a symbolic story. The characters and events symbolize something even more important than that one story’s plot.

14) Mood • Definition The feeling or atmosphere of a story • Example • Because the setting was in an abandoned house at night, the mood of the story was ghostly.

14) Mood The mood of a story can be… ber Som ) (sad Thought Provoking Comical Silly romantic “other worldly” Lighthearted

14) Mood Let’s create a creepy/eerie mood for a horror story! We’ll need to give the readers an image in their head that’s creepy so what do we need to use to create an image in the readers’ minds?

14) Mood • Creepy Sights: • Creepy Sounds: • Eerie Smells: • Eerie Things to Feel: • Eerie Tastes: RY! SCA

15) Motif • Definition • Examples a recurring thing or idea in a • Darkness supports a story. ______ mood. (It keeps showing up to support the mood or • masks can theme) support a mysterious mood. • Clocks would support a theme dealing with _______.

15) Motif

16) Dialect • Definition A particular way of speaking for a certain group or area. • Example: • A cowboy speaks the same language as us, but with a different dialect. Yee haw. Ya’ll oughta roundup yur thoughts!

16) Dialect All of these people speak the same language (English) but with different dialects: She knows what she’s talking aboot, eh? A Canadian dialect • “lunch was gorgeous. I’m over the moon!” (lunch was delicious, I’m very happy). A British dialect “G’day mates! Now don’t be a bunch of bludgers!” (lazy people) An Australian dialect

16) Dialect If you speak Spanish from your family’s country, I guarantee that you don’t use all of the exact same words as other Spanish speakers from other countries. You all speak with different Y dialects!

17) Personification • Definition When non-human things are given human traits. • Example: • The wind hugged me • The sky cried • The cat screamed, “Ouch!” A cat talking? Now that’s just ridiculous.

17) Personification

17) Personification • Remember, it doesn’t have to be animals! It can be anything that’s not a person, but has human qualities. For example, “El Nino” is a weather pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean is warmer than usual, and causes more storms!

Quick! Protagonist or Antagonist?

18) Paradox • Definition A statement that contradicts itself (sounds wrong because it contains opposing words), but is true! You will never find peace of mind until you stop looking. • Example: • Quicksand works slowly • boxing rings are square • only the blind man truly sees.

18) Paradox This is why they say the paradox… “less is more. ”

18) Paradox "Rabbit's clever, " said Pooh thoughtfully. "Yes, "said Piglet, "Rabbit's clever. " "And he has Brain. " "Yes, " said Piglet, "Rabbit has Brain. " There was a long silence. "I suppose, " said Pooh, "that's why he never understands anything. "

19) Theme • Definition • Example: What the author is trying to tell us about life and people People should think before they speak. • Money can’t buy • happiness Some people can’t let go of the past. Good lesson about life and people… good theme.

19) Theme This one’s TOUGH! What could be theme the artist of this painting is teaching us about life?

20) Irony • Definition A difference between what we expect to happen and what actually happens • Example: 1. Situational irony- a plot twist the audience doesn’t expect 1. Verbal irony – a character says something the audience doesn’t believe because he means the opposite (“I would never hurt you…. You can trust me” when he just hit on her best friend!) 1. Dramatic irony – the audience knows something a character doesn’t (all scary movies use this)

20) Irony Situational, verbal, or dramatic? • in Julius Caesar, Mark Antony repeats the words "and Brutus is an honorable man" in the famous “Friends, Romans, countrymen” speech. Mark Antony’s meaning, however, is that Brutus is completely dishonorable because Brutus, Caesar’s best friend, joined the other conspirators to murder Caesar.

20) Irony Situational, verbal, or dramatic? • In every Shakespearean play, his characters have • • “asides” or moments when they are expressing their inner thoughts hidden from all the other characters, so only the audience knows what they’re up to. Ex Romeo and Juliet’s plan to secretly marry. Ex Iago’s evil, secret plans to ruin Othello’s life.

20) Irony • Situational, verbal, or dramatic?

21) Parody • Definition A work that pokes fun. • • • Example: Scary Movie Date Movie Saturday Night live Family Guy • “Daphne” Aguilera

21) Parody ES OK P DY RO ! PA UN F

21) Parody Watch some of this classic Michael Jackson video “Beat It”

21) Parody Now look at what the king of musical parodies turned it into! __ __ DY RO PA ? UN F

22) Satire • Definition A work that makes fun of society’s government, prejudices, or leaders, to try to change them. • Example: • The TV show All in the Family • South Park • political cartoons, • (Saturday Night Live does both parodies and satires)

22) Satire ge an Ch es tir Sa ety oci S

22) Satire • Since so many people were unhappy with President Bush, there were people who just couldn’t understand how he got reelected. This satire calls for the voting process to change. ge an Ch es tir Sa ety oci S

23) Allusion • Definition A reference to something that is popularly known. (many allusions are made to bible stories, famous books or poems, and famous events) • Example: • Goodness, you’re so fast… meep, meep!”

23) Allusion Listen to this song with an allusion in it to a very famous character (who happens to be a personified scarecrow!) Can you guess what movie character in what movie it DOROTHY: “I think I'll miss you could be alluding to? most of all. ”

White Rabbit, by Jefferson Airplane One pill makes you larger And one pill makes you small. And the ones that mother gives you Don't do anything at all. Go ask Alice When she's ten feet tall. 23) Allusion To what is this song an allusion? And if you go chasing rabbits And you know you're going to fall. Tell 'em a hookah smoking caterpillar Has given you the call. Call Alice When she was just small. When the men on the chessboard Get up and tell you where to go. And you've just had some kind of mushroom And your mind is moving low. Go ask Alice I think she'll know. When logic and proportion Have fallen softly dead. And the White Knight is talking backwards And the Red Queen's "off with her head"! Remember what the dormouse said "Feed your head. "

24) Alliteration • Definition The repetition of consonant letters for a desired sound (everything BUT a, e, i, o, u) • Example: • The snake slinked and • slithered toward the cellar. The hot ham was hard to hold I’m Sally and I’m selling seashells by the seashore! Get it!

25) Free Verse • Definition • Example: Unrhymed poetry The sky calls out to me To look deep into its blue eyes And I smile (ooh! Some personification too! What’s personified and how? )

The Literary Elements in: ”Lambert” Put these questions in your vocabulary section and use your notes to answer them after watching our favorite cartoon! 1. How is Lambert characterized? 2. What is the setting? 3. How is personification used? 4. Are there any examples of foreshadowing or flashbacks? 5. Is there any irony? 6. If Lambert is the main character, he is considered the ______. 7. Who or what are antagonists in the story? 8. “Lambert” is told from what point of view? 9. What is a theme of “Lambert? ” 10. EITHER make a simile comparing one of the characters in Lambert to something OR explain how you would parody Lambert to make it funny.