Yoruba Alphabet List Phoneme Orthography IPA a a

Yoruba Alphabet List Phoneme Orthography IPA a a a ga a a , a i ka b b ba ba d d d i dʲ dy dʲ i d ʒ j d ʒɛ e e se ɛ e , e ɛ dʲɛ f f fɔ g g gɛ g b gb g ba lɛ i i i le i i , i ɛ j i k k ka k p p k pa l l la Orthography English aga chair ika , ika termite baba father di to plait dyi steal je eat se cook e dye blood fo wash ge to cut gbale to sweep ile house e yi , e yi egg ka to read papa field la make

Yoruba Alphabet List Phoneme Orthography IPA Orthography English m m mu to drink n, n n ɔ nɔ o no road o o o d ʒo ojo rain ɔ o , o ɔ mɔ o mo child ɔ o , o , o ɛ fɔ e fo , e fo mosquito r r rɔ ro to fall s s sa lo salo run ʃ s , sh ʃi re s ire, shire to play t t ta ta to sell u u fu fu give u u , u mu to drink w w ɔ wɔ o wo hand j y i jo iyo salt Since nasal and oral vowels are all phonemes, they can be marked differently such as a, a , i, i , o, o , u, u. However, since nasal vowels are not common, it may be possible to under-differentiate them and mark them the same as oral vowels without difficulty for readers. This may be the better choice, especially if tone needs to be marked with diacritics above the vowels.

Alphabet Symbol Choices Review What is the most important factor when choosing alphabet symbols?

Alphabet Symbol Choices Review What is the most important factor when choosing alphabet symbols? Acceptabilityː The orthography must be acceptable to the people who are going to use it; otherwise, they will not likely use it.

How does phonology help literacy development? 1. Phonology shows us which sounds in a language need alphabet symbols, and which do not. (Steps 1 -14) 2. Sometimes sounds change when words or parts of words are joined in various ways. Phonology helps us find the best spelling rules for these difficult situations. (Steps 18 -19)

Steps for finding spelling rules when words or morphemes come together (2 of 2) 18. Identify Morphophonological Changes 19. Identify Word Boundary Changes

Exercise 1ː Divide these words up into parts with meaning (even if you can’t label the meaninɡ very well) • • cats playinɡ kicked walker

Exercise 1ː Divide these words up into parts with meaning (even if you can’t label the meaninɡ very well) • • cat-s play-inɡ kick-ed walk-er

MORPHEMEː The smallest part of a word with meaning; can be the entire word. cat ‘type of animal’ -s ‘plural’

MUNDARI Sudan Root 1. pɪ ‘asked’ 2. gɔɲ ‘gave’ 3. ɟɔŋ ‘took’ 4. kɔn ‘did’ 5. ruk ‘replied’ 6. d uc ‘tangled’ 7. mɛt ‘looked’ 8. rɔp ‘paid’ Root + ɟa ‘Don’t’ pɪɟa ‘Don’t askǃ’ gɔɲɟa ‘Don’t giveǃ’ ɟɔŋga ‘Don’t takeǃ’ kɔnd a ‘Don’t doǃ’ ruggə ‘Don’t replyǃ’ duɟɟə ‘Don’t tangleǃ’ mɛd d a ‘Don’t lookǃ’ rɔbba ‘Don’t payǃ’

PHONEME: the smallest contrastive sound in a language MORPHEME: the smallest part of a word with meaning LUMUN [kaβɪk] ‘rain’ MUNDARI /pɪɟa/ ‘Don’t askǃ’ ALLOPHONE: a variant (alternate) sound of a phoneme in a different environment. ALLOMORPH: a variant (alternate) sound of a morpheme in a different environment. LUMUN [maɣal] ‘sesame’ MUNDARI /ɟɔŋga/‘Don’t takeǃ’

MORPHO-PHONOLOGICAL CHANGE (MORPHO-PHONEMIC CHANGE)ː Sound changes when morphemes come together.

SUFFIXː a morpheme attached to the ends of words. ENGLISH -ed in walked MUNDARI -ɟa in pɪɟa ‘Don’t askǃ’ PREFIXː a morpheme attached to the beginnings of words. ENGLISH im- in improper CAIRO ARABIC il- in ilkursi ‘the chair’

Exercise 2ː Find the morpheme and its allomorphs that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to column 2. Write the morpheme or allomorph separately to the left. CAIRO ARABIC Column 1 1. kursi ‘chair’ 2. baːb ‘door’ 3. ɡeːb ‘pocket’ 4. dars ‘lesson’ 5. nimra ‘ɡrade’ 6. satr ‘line’ Column 2 ilkursi ‘the chair’ ilbaːb ‘the door’ ilɡeːb ‘the pocket’ iddars ‘the lesson’ innimra ‘the ɡrade’ issatr ‘the line’ Morpheme/ Allomorph

Exercise 2ː Find the morpheme and its allomorphs that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to column 2. Write the morpheme or allomorph separately to the left. Before which phonemes does the sound change and why? CAIRO ARABIC Morpheme/ Column 1 Column 2 Allomorph 1. kursi ‘chair’ ilkursi ‘the chair’ il 2. baːb ‘door’ ilbaːb ‘the door’ il 3. ɡeːb ‘pocket’ ilɡeːb ‘the pocket’ il 4. dars ‘lesson’ iddars ‘the lesson’ id 5. nimra ‘ɡrade’ innimra ‘the ɡrade’ in 6. satr ‘line’ issatr ‘the line’ is-

Complete Assimilation (+ = morpheme break) CAIRO ARABIC Original Sounds like /l/ /d/ before + d /il-dars/ /iddars/ ‘the lesson’ /n/ before + n /il-nimra/ /innimra/ ‘the grade’ /s/ before + s /il-satr/ /issatr/ ‘the line’ /il-kursi/ /ilkursi/ ‘the book’ The final /l/ assimilates completely to the followinɡ consonant when that consonant is alveolar (as is the /l/)

PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS: common sound change in a particular environment in roots MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS: common sound change in a particular environment where words or morphemes come together. Voicing and weakening assimilation LUMUN Sudan /k/ [ɣ] in-between vowels [k] elsewhere Complete assimilation CAIRO ARABIC /l/ /d/ before + d /n/ before + n /kakɛk/ [kaɣɛk] ‘tree type’ /s/ before + s /il-dars/ /iddars/ ‘the lesson’ /il-nimra/ /innimra/ ‘the grade’ /il-satr/ /issatr/ ‘the line’

Morphological Processes Labialisation Palatalisation Voicing Assimilation to the place of articulation Complete assimilation Deletion (Elision) Insertion (Epenthesis) [+ATR] spreading Raising Many of these processes also occur in roots

Voicing and weakening assimilation LUMUN Sudan /k/ [ɣ] in-between vowels [k] elsewhere In roots Across morpheme boundary Original Sound /kakɛk/ [kaɣɛk] ‘tree type’ /ɔ-kɪn/ [ɔɣɪn] ‘REF-they’

Exercise 3ː Find the morpheme that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to column 2. What changes in the verb when the morpheme is added? EJAGHAM Column 1 1. aɡɔm 'he fines' 2. atɛŋ 'he braids’ 3. apini 'he tumbles' 4. akɔɛ 'he couɡhs’ Column 2 aɡɔma 'he always fines' atɛŋa 'he always braids’ apina 'he always tumbles' akɔa 'he always couɡhs'

Exercise 3ː Find the morpheme that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to column 2. What changes in the verb when the morpheme is added? EJAGHAM Column 1 1. aɡɔm 'he fines' 2. atɛŋ 'he braids’ 3. apini 'he tumbles' 4. akɔɛ 'he couɡhs’ Column 2 aɡɔma 'he always fines' atɛŋa 'he always braids’ apina 'he always tumbles' akɔa 'he always couɡhs' When the verb ends in a V (vowel), that V is deleted (disappears).

Vowel Deletion (Elision) ( = nothinɡ; / = in the environment of) EJAGHAM V before + V or V / ___ + V /apini-a/ /apina/ ‘he always tumbles’ This meansː A final root vowel is deleted before the first vowel of a suffix.

Exercise 4ː Find the morpheme and allomorph that show each noun class. Write the morpheme and allomorph below each column. What environment causes the change to the allomorph? LARU Sudan Noun Class 1 d ɔ tɔ ‘CM-lizard’ d ᶦd ʊ ɽɪ ‘CM-stool’ d ᶦmɔ ɽa ‘CM-snail’ d ᶦmu d ‘CM-lynx’ Noun Class 3 gɛ n ‘CM-mountain’ gᶦrɪ na ‘CM-rope gᶦɲɛ n ‘CM-dog’ gᶦbə ɽu ‘CM-cloud’

Exercise 4ː Find the morpheme and allomorph that show each noun class. Write the morpheme and allomorph below each column. What environment causes the change to the allomorph? LARU Sudan Noun Class 1 d ɔ tɔ ‘CM-lizard’ d ᶦd ʊ ɽɪ ‘CM-stool’ d ᶦmɔ ɽa ‘CM-snail’ d ᶦmu d ‘CM-lynx’ Noun Class 3 (CM = concord marker) gɛ n ‘CM-mountain’ gᶦrɪ na ‘CM-rope gᶦɲɛ n ‘CM-dog’ gᶦbə ɽu ‘CM-cloud’ d - Noun Class 1 morpheme g- Noun Class 3 morpheme d ᶦ- Noun Class 1 allomorph gᶦ- Noun Class 3 allomorph d -, g- are used before vowels; d ᶦ-, gᶦ- are used before consonants.

Vowel Insertion (Epenthesis) LARU [ᶦ] after C and before + C or [ᶦ] / C ___ + C / d -d ʊ ɽɪ / / d ᶦd ʊ ɽɪ / ‘CM-stool’ This meansː The vowel /ᶦ/ is inserted when consonants are joined together through morphology.

Exercise 5ː Find the morpheme and its allomorphs that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to column 2. Underline the morpheme and its allomorph. What environment causes the change to the allomorph? LARU Sudan Column 1 /ɪ/ d ᶦlɪ ŋɪ d ‘insect’ /ɛ/ d ᶦɽɛ bɛ n ‘stone’ /a/ d a ⁿd a ŋ ‘lizard’ /ɔ/ d ɔ gɔ r ‘tree t. ’ /ʊ/ d ʊ rtʊ n ‘tablet’ /i/ gi d i n ‘chicken house’ /ə/ d ə ⁿd ə ŋ ‘knife’ /u/ gu gu n ‘hare house’ Column 2 d ᶦlɪ ŋɪ d a lʊ d ᶦɽɛ bɛ na lʊ d a ⁿd a ŋa lʊ d ɔ gɔ ra lʊ d ʊ rtʊ na lʊ gi d i nə lu d ə ⁿd ə ŋə lu gu gu nə lu ‘on insect’ ‘on stone’ ‘on lizard’ ‘on tree t. ’ ‘on tablet’ ‘on chicken house’ ‘on knife’ ‘on hare house’

[+ATR] Rightward Spreading LARU V [+ATR] after V[+ATR] + or V [+ATR] / V[+ATR] + ____ /gi d i n-a lʊ / /gi d i nə lu / ‘on chicken house’ This meansː [+ATR] quality spreads from the vowels of roots to the vowels of suffixes

Exercise 6ː Find the morpheme that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to column 2. What changes in the verb when the morpheme is added? Write the changes on the right. LARU Sudan Column 1 /ɪ/ d a gɽɪ ‘to chew’ /ɛ/ d ɛ dɛ ‘to cut’ /a/ ŋa ŋa ‘to rub’ /ɔ/ rɔ ‘to grind’ /ʊ/ rʊ ‘to be changed’ /i/ pi ‘to beat’ /ə/ pə ‘to nail’ /u/ d ru ‘to sip’ Column 2 d ə gɽi d i d i ŋə ŋə d i ru d i pi d i pə d i d ru d i Vowel Change ‘Chewǃ’ ‘Cutǃ’ ‘Rubǃ’ ‘Grindǃ’ ‘Be changedǃ’ ‘Beatǃ’ ‘Nailǃ’ ‘Sipǃ’

Exercise 6ː Find the morpheme that makes the change in meaning from column 1 to column 2. What changes in the verb when the morpheme is added? Write the changes on the right. LARU Sudan Column 1 /ɪ/ d a gɽɪ ‘to chew’ /ɛ/ d ɛ dɛ ‘to cut’ /a/ ŋa ŋa ‘to rub’ /ɔ/ rɔ ‘to grind’ /ʊ/ rʊ ‘to be changed’ /i/ pi ‘to beat’ /ə/ pə ‘to nail’ /u/ d ru ‘to sip’ Column 2 d ə gɽi d i d i ŋə ŋə d i ru d i pi d i pə d i d ru d i Vowel Change ‘Chewǃ’ ɪ i ‘Cutǃ’ ɛ i ‘Rubǃ’ a ə ‘Grindǃ’ ɔ u ‘Be changedǃ’ ʊ u ‘Beatǃ’ ‘Nailǃ’ ‘Sipǃ’

[+ATR] Leftward Spreading LARU V [+ATR] before + V[+ATR] or V [+ATR] / ___ + V[+ATR] / ŋa ŋa -d i / / ŋə ŋə d i / ‘Rubǃ’ This meansː [+ATR] quality spreads from the vowels of suffixes to the vowels of roots

Vowel Raising (with [+ATR] spreading) LARU /ɛ/, /ɔ/ /i/, /u/ before + V[+ATR] /d ɛ -d i / /d i / ‘Cutǃ’ /rɔ -d i / /ru d i / ‘Grindǃ’ When [+ATR] quality spreads to the vowels /ɛ/, /ɔ/, these vowels are raised to the [+ATR] vowels /i/, /u/. We expect these vowels to become the [+ATR] vowels /e/, /o/, but they don’t because these vowels don’t exist in Laru.

Class Assignmentː 1. Find all Yoruba verbs with continuous aspect (those with ing in the English translation). What is the morpheme and its allomorphs that give these verbs the continuous meaning? 2. What environment causes the change to the allomorph? Make a rule in words or symbols for this change. Give one example word for each allomorph change. Reading Assignment A Guide to Phonological Analysis pg 86 -88; 146 -147