XML-based Network Management Hong-Taek Ju (주홍택) Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering Keimyung University, Daegu Korea Tel: +82 -53 -580 -5234 Email: juht@kmu. ac. kr http: //comnet. postech. ac. kr/~juht
KNOM 2002 Tutorial Preliminary • Expected Audience – Some knowledge on network management. – Basic understanding of Web technology. – Graduate students, Researchers, Software Engineers. • Tutorial Scope – – Introduction on XML technologies. Focus on Internet management. Focus on element and network, not on service and business management. State of the art for research work and standard activities • Tutorial Objectives – Precise understanding on what is XML-based network management. – Concrete examples for applying XML to network management. – Future research topics on XML-based network management. XML-based Network Management (2) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. Introduction What is XML? Applicability of XML State of the Art for XML-based Network Management 5. Closing Remarks XML-based Network Management (3) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 1. Introduction • XML is an emerging technology for Web-based applications and has been in the spotlight. • XML has many advantages – Simplicity, openness, extensible, inexpensive • Most people believe that XML will succeed much more than HTML, HTTP, Web, Java • Advantages in XML-based network management – Easy to learn: not management domain specific technology – Large supporting tools and technology: Low development cost – High compatibility with legacy management technology: Integrated management. – Low footprint on device: applicable to the network devices. XML-based Network Management (4) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 1. Introduction • My definition of XML-based Network Management: “All alternative or complimentary approaches for the current management framework in order to solve the problems of current network management or improve the management environment by taking advantages of XML technologies” XML-based Network Management (5) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
2. XML: What is XML? KNOM 2002 Tutorial • What does “XML” stands for? – e. Xtensible: not a fixed format, customizable. – Markup: used to define things. – Language: used to communicate or describe and encapsulate its information and pass it. • XML was designed to describe data. – Document Type Definition (DTD) or XML Schema is used. – XML is self-descriptive. • XML is free and extensible. – XML allows the author to define his own tags. • XML is a compliment to HTML. – XML will be used for describing data and HTML for displaying same data. • XML is a future Web technology. – Quick standard process, large support by vendor. – Common tool for all data manipulation and data transmission. XML-based Network Management (6) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 2. XML: Technology Map WAP, XHTML Standard DTD, XML Schema Validate Program Scripts Database Editor(file) XSL Define Generate XSLT XPath Input Web Brower Input XML Input Parse Dump SOAP Exchange Remote System DOM Process Program XML-based Network Management (7) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
3. Applicability of XML KNOM 2002 Tutorial • Basic management tasks – Management Information Modeling. • Description framework for managed resource to managed object. – Management Information Realization. • Guarantees of consistency between managed resource and managed object. – Management Information Distribution. • Exchange of management information between management applications. – Management Information Analysis. • Process of management information production from collected information. – Management Information Presentation. • User interface for display management information or taking management command from operators. XML-based Network Management (8) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 3. Basic Management Tasks Agent Modeling Realization Distribution Manager Presentation Analysis XML-based Network Management (9) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 3. Management Information Modeling • Standard Information model SNMP TMN DMTF XML SMI GDMO CIM XML Schema MIB-II G. 721 CIM v. 6 No standard yet Object-based Object-oriented Tool Models Approach • XML Schema for management information modeling – Advantages • • Easy to learn, not domain specific technology. Use of powerful and convenient graphical XML editor. Modeling result is concise and easy to read. Secondary benefits – validation, sample data generation. – Disadvantage • No standard models, but easy to translate from standard information models. XML-based Network Management (10) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 3. Management Information Realization • Standard management frameworks leave it completely unspecified - viewed as a “local matter”. • Model specification serves as a starting point for the coding of the agents. – For Web interface and CLI, the model specification was not provided. – For SNMP, MIB compilers have been used to generate MIB stubs. – The stubs are supplemented with the code for actual access to resources. • There is no common interface or data format between managed resource and management agents such as CLI, SNMP, Web. – Large development cost and footprint. – Consistency problem by multiple access to single managed resource. • XML for management information realization – XML can be used for middleware between agents and managed resources. – Low footprint solution. – Various method can be used for XML generation. XML-based Network Management (11) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 3. Management information distribution • Communication between management applications – Agent ↔ Manger, Manager ↔ Manager • Standard management communications SNMP Protocol Operation Notification Encoding TMN DMTF XML SNMP/UDP CMIP Operations/HTTP SOAP or HTTP Get, Set, Get. Next, Response M-Get, M-Set , MCreate, M-Delete, M -Action Get. Instance, Set. Instance, Get. Class, etc. (23 Operations) Unspecified Trap M-Event_Report Unspecified ASN. 1 XML • North bound interface is usually based on CORBA. – XML and CORBA are interoperable technologies. • XML does not say anything about communication protocol, Implicitly HTTP is used. – Reliable, efficient by compression, highly secure, high connectivity. – Flexible by use of SOAP. XML-based Network Management (12) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 3. Management Information Analysis • This has not been standardized and based on data processing such as sorting, filtering, logging and correlating. • Management platforms provide basic management functionality and development environment. – Their price is usually very expensive. – Customization requires large amount of time and effort. – In most cases, they do not depend on standard technology. • Recently, CORBA has been used widely as an implementation platform for management systems. • XML for management information analysis. – XML is a standard data processing tool. – Many supporting tools (such as database) are available. – Lots of developers having XML knowledge. XML-based Network Management (13) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 3. Management Information Presentation • This allows user interactive access to the management system. Text+ Windows# Web* XML Ubiquity Best Bad Good Interactivity Bad Best Good Development cost Low High Middle Low User-friendliness Worst Good Best +: Include telnet connection. #: MS-Windows or X-Windows *: Without use of XML technologies. • XML for management information presentation – – – Separation with display and data in Web environment. Platform independent standard display technology. Device dependant display support. Ubiquitous management user interface. User-friendly graphic interface. XML-based Network Management (14) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. State of the Art for XML-based NM • Research work – Complimentary approaches to SNMP • e. Xtensible Network and Application Management Instrumentation. • SNMP to XML translator • XML/SNMP Gateway – Improvement approaches to Web-based network management • Direct Web Interface for Device Configuration • XML-based Device Configuration – New Management Architectures • XML-based Service Configuration • Web-based Integrated Management Architecture • XML-based Network Management Architecture • Standard Activities – Web Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) XML-based Network Management (15) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. XNAMI • e. Xtensible Network and Application Management Instrumentation (XNAMI) • A. John, et al. , Bell Labs, 1999 • A method for dynamic MIB expansion. • XML is used for information modeling. 3. Set. Request 1. XML Definition and x. y. z)Code for x. y. z) 7. Get. Request (OID (x. y. z) Java (9. Get. Request (Delete definition) Set. Request for x. y. z 5. Get. Request (x. y. z) 8. Get. Response ( XMLvalueok )) of ) 2. 6. Get. Response ( Definition x. y. z ) Get. Response (no such ok x. y. z 10. Get. Response (( of 4. Get. Response object) XML-based Network Management (16) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
4. SNMP to XML Translator (1) KNOM 2002 Tutorial • Automatic translation from SNMP MIB definition to XML. • Model-level mapping & Metamodel-level mapping. – – J. P. Martin-Flatin, EPFL, Aug. 2000 Gave only idea and examples for the two approaches The two approaches were implemented in libsmi package. But there was no validation or application for the approaches. • SNMP MIB to XML Schema mapping – J. H. Yoon, DPNM Lab. , POSTECH, Oct. 2001 – Formalized the two approaches into a concrete algorithm. – Reduced information loss in the translation process by taking advantages of XML Schema. – Validated its completeness by developing a simple SNMP MIB browser based on XML-based Network Management (17) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
4. SNMP to XML Translator (2) KNOM 2002 Tutorial • Model-level mapping – SNMP MIB to DTD/XML Schema and XML documents SNMP MIB XML DTD if. Table OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF If. Entry : : = { interfaces 2 } if. Entry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX If. Entry : : = { if. Table 1 } If. Entry : : = SEQUENCE { if. Speed Gauge 32 } if. Speed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge 32 : : = { if. Entry 5 } XML-based Network Management <!ELEMENT if. Table if. Entry* > <!ELEMENT if. Entry if. Speed > <!ELEMENT if. Speed (#PCDATA) > XML Document <if. Table> <if. Entry> <if. Speed> </if. Speed> </if. Entry> <if. Table> (18) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
4. SNMP to XML Translator (3) KNOM 2002 Tutorial • Metamodel-level mapping – SNMP MIB to XML documents <!ELEMENT table column* > <!ATTRIBUTE table name CDATA > <!ELEMENT column scalar+> <!ATTRIBUTE column name CDATA> <!ELEMENT scalar (#PCDATA)> <!ATTRIBUTE scalar name CDATA> SNMP MIB if. Table OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX SEQUENCE OF If. Entry : : = { interfaces 2 } if. Entry OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX If. Entry : : = { if. Table 1 } If. Entry : : = SEQUENCE { if. Speed Gauge 32 } if. Speed OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX Gauge 32 : : = { if. Entry 5 } XML-based Network Management XML DTD XML Document <table name=“if. Table”> <column name=“if. Entry”> <scalar name=“if. Speed”> </scalar> </column> </table> (19) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
4. SNMP to XML Translator (4) • KNOM 2002 Tutorial Applications of SNMP to XML translator 1. Encoding SNMP MIB data XML/HTTP Web Server SNMP Agent 2. Information analysis or presentation for SNMP MIB data SNMP 3. Specification translation for SNMP to XML gateway XML-based Network Management GW (20) SNMP POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
4. XML/SNMP Gateway KNOM 2002 Tutorial • What is XML/SNMP Gateway? – Relays management information and operations between SNMP agent and XML-based manager system. – While preserving the legacy SNMP agent, one can develop XML-based manager by using XML technology. – Two basic requirements for the gateway • Specification translation: SNMP MIB XML – For understanding the management information exported by SNMP agent. • Interaction translation: SNMP Operations XML Operations – For supporting interaction between two management applications • XML/SNMP Gateway – Y. J. Oh, DPNM Lab. , POSTECH, May 2002 – For specification translation, Yoon’s SNMP to XML translator is used. – For interaction translation • XML does not specify the standard communication protocol. • Proposed three levels of interaction translation methods: Process, Message, Protocol XML-based Network Management (21) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. XML/SNMP Gateway Architecture XML-based Manager HTTP Request & Reponse Direct Call of DOM Interface SOAP Request & Reponse Notification XML/SNMP Gateway HTTP Server Request Parser SOAP Server HTTP Client XPath Handler MIB to XML Translator DOM Interface Call DO M Target DOM node value XSL Generator Trap node SNMP Stack SNMP Request DOM Event Trap Receiver SNMP Response SNMP Trap SNMP Agent XML-based Network Management (22) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. Direct Web Interface to Managed Devices • Traditional Approach Embedded Web Server HTML or Java / HTTP – Result of embedding small Web server into network device. – Ubiquitous, simple but powerful, user-friendly device management user interface. • XML Approach (Em. Web XML parser) Embedded Web Server XML & XSL / HTTP – XML generation by program is enough small solution to be embedded. – Separate display format and data generation. – XML parser can save development cost by generating backend stub code based on XML schema. XML-based Network Management (23) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. XML-based Device Configuration • Today’s configuration management. – SNMP is hardly used. • Weak in information modeling power – Action in side effect, simple MIB structure, etc, – The CLI and direct Web interface are mostly used. • Proprietary: – Different from vendor to vendor, product to product, release to release. • Disadvantage in scalability. • XML-based device configuration – From Juniper Networks JUNOScripts and Cisco Configuration Register – Proprietary XML RPC – But scalable – And extensible XML-based Network Management (24) <Set. Configuration><bgp> <port>10. 0. 0. 1</port> <neighbor> 10. 0. 0. 2</neighbor> </bgp></Set. Configuration> POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. XML-based Application Management • C. Ensel & A. Keller, IBM Research, May 2001 – Apply XML, Xpath and RDF to describe, query and compute the service dependencies, respectively. – RDF (Resource Description Framework) • A general framework for how to describe any Internet resource such as a Web site and its content. • XML is used for describing the resources. Service dependency e-business application RDF description e-business application Service Dependency Customer database XML-based Network Management RDF Schema Xpath Query e-business application (25) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. WIMA • Web-based Integrated Management Architecture (WIMA). • J. P. Martin-Flatin, Ph. D Thesis, EPFL, Aug. 2000. • HTTP-based management communication model. – Dissociation of communication and information model • URL encoding of management operation. • Specifying information model and encoding in the MIME header. • XML was suggested as one of encoding format. – For notification delivery, reverse the HTTP client and server roles. HTTP Client HTTP Server manager HTTP/1. 1 POST /agent. domain: 280/trap? oid=a. b. c Content-Type: ”application/mgmt”; http: //agent. domain: 280/snmpv 1/mib 2/get? oid=a. b. c mapping=“SNMPv 1 -to-XML <? xml version=“ 1. 0” ? > HTTP/1. 1 200 OK <data> …</data> Content-Type: ”application/mgmt”; mapping=“SNMPv 1 -to-XML HTTP/1. 1 200 OK <? xml version=“ 1. 0” ? > <data> …</data> XML-based Network Management (26) HTTP Server HTTP Client agent POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. XNM • XML-based Network Management architecture (XNM) • H. T. Ju, Ph. D Thesis, POSTECH, Oct. 2001 • Extended the use of EWS from direct Web user interface to Web-based management agent by using standard Web and XML technologies. • Management information model – Use XML schema for management information model – Standard management information models does not cover a significant amount of managed resource to be managed. – XML Schema is a widespread approach in many application areas. – Utilize the advantages of XML schema for modeling. • Management communication model – Uses HTTP for management protocol without any extension. – Uses the XPath standard for addressing managed objects • Standard XML technology for addressing parts of an XML document. • Effectively query the managed objects (Scoping and Filtering). • Implemented the manager and agent system based on proposed architecture. • Developed a management system for a commercial high density Linux server clusters based on our proposed architecture. XML-based Network Management (27) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. WBEM Architecture • Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) Initiative. • WBEM Architecture Data Description CIM Ops. HTTP </xml. CIM> Transport Encoding XML-based Network Management Access (28) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. WBEM Example HTTP/1. 1 200 OK M-POST /cimom HTTP/1. 1 Content-Type: application/xml; charset="utf-8" HOST: www. xyz. com 73 -CIMOperation: Method. Response Content-Type: application/xml; charset="utf-8" <? xml version="1. 0" encoding="utf-8" ? > 73 -CIMOperation: Method. Call <CIM CIMVERSION="2. 0" DTDVERSION="2. 0"> 73 -CIMMethod: Get. Class <MESSAGE ID="87872" PROTOCOLVERSION="1. 0"> <? xml version="1. 0" encoding="utf-8" ? > <SIMPLERSP> <CIM CIMVERSION="2. 0" DTDVERSION="2. 0"> <IMETHODRESPONSE NAME="Get. Class"> <MESSAGE ID="87872" PROTOCOLVERSION="1. 0"> <IRETURNVALUE> <SIMPLEREQ> <CLASS NAME=“Joke" SUPERCLASS="CIM_Software. Element"> <IMETHODCALL NAME="Get. Class"> . . . <LOCALNAMESPACEPATH> <NAMESPACE NAME="root"/> <NAMESPACE NAME="cimv 20"/> </LOCALNAMESPACEPATH> <IPARAMVALUE NAME="Class. Name"> </CLASS> <CLASSNAME="Joke"/> </IRETURNVALUE> </IPARAMVALUE> </IMETHODRESPONSE> </IMETHODCALL> </SIMPLERSP> </SIMPLEREQ> </MESSAGE> </CIM> XML-based Network Management (29) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial 4. WBEM • WBEM standards are being implemented now by several groups as open source. – The WBEMsource initiative is an umbrella organization for providing coordination between open source WBEM projects • • • The Open Group's Pegasus project Open. WBEM Sun WBEM Services B 4 wbem SNIA Open Source CIMOM • Equipment vendors and operating system suppliers begin to support WBEM. – Cisco – Microsoft – Sun • Can WBEM replace SNMP? – This was the panel topic in IM 2001, Seattle. – Panel chair: J. P. Martin-Flatin – Panelists: James W. K. Hong (POSTECH), Aiko Pras (U. of Twente), Jürgen Schönwälder (U. Braunschweig), Andrea Westerinen (Cisco), Jim Davis (Sun) XML-based Network Management (30) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
5. Concluding Remarks KNOM 2002 Tutorial • XML provides a standard way to manage data on the Web - describe, process, exchange and display data. • It has many advantages and become ubiquitous technology. • There has been many activities for improving today’s network management environment by taking advantages of XML. • But not enough yet. • Also, XML is no silver bullet, it a only tool, whose benefits lie primarily in the manner of its usage. XML-based Network Management (31) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
KNOM 2002 Tutorial Thank you XML-based Network Management (32) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
Useful References (1) 1. KNOM 2002 Tutorial General information about XML – Recommendations • • – Portal Sites • • • – w 3 c XML Recommandation – Annotated, http: //www. xml. com/axml/testaxml. htm w 3 c XSL version 1. 0 Recommendation, http: //www. w 3. org/TR/xsl/ w 3 c XSLT version 1. 0 Recommendation, http: //www. w 3. org/TR/xslt. html w 3 c XSLT version 1. 1 Working Draft, http: //www. w 3. org/TR/xslt 11/ A Technical Introduction to XML – http: //www. XML. com The XML Cover Pages – Oasis, http: //www. oasis-open. org/cover/sgml-xml. html XML Portal, http: //www. xmlportal. co. kr/ W 3 C, XML, http: //www. w 3 c. org/xml XMLHack - developer news from the XML community, http: //www. xmlhack. com Tutorials • • • XML Introduction - Database Lab. Univ. Chung Nam, Korean, http: //dblab. comeng. chungnam. ac. kr/%7 Edolphin/xml/atoz/xml-9710. html Java Technology & XML Tutorial, http: //java. sun. com/xml/tutorial_intro. html Tutorials XML/HTML, http: //www. zvon. org/index. php? nav_id=tutorials&mime=html 2. Web and XML-based Management – – DPNM, POSTECH: http: //dpnm. postech. ac. kr/xbm/index 2. xml WBEM, http: //www. dmtf. org/wbem Em. Web, http: //www. emweb. com Juniper, http: //www. juniper. net XML-based Network Management (33) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
Useful References (3) KNOM 2002 Tutorial 3. Papers for XML-based network management – – – – – John, A. ; Vanderveen, K. ; Sugla, B. , A Java based SNMP agent for dynamic MIBs , Global Telecommunications Conference, 1999. GLOBECOM '99 , Volume: 1 a , 1999. Page(s): 396 -400 vol. 1 a Festor, O. ; Festor, P. ; Ben Youssef, N. ; Andrey, L. , Integration of WBEM-based management agents in the OSI framework , Integrated Network Management, 1999. Distributed Management for the Networked Millennium. Proceedings of the Sixth IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on , 1999. Page(s): 49 -64 Imamura, T. ; Maruyama, H. , Mapping between ASN. 1 and XML , Applications and the Internet, 2001. Proceedings. 2001 Symposium on , 2001. Page(s): 57 -64 Tellez, J. ; Meriem, T. B. , Management solutions for WDM networking , Networks, 2000. (ICON 2000). Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on , 2000. Page(s): 120 -124 John, A. ; Vanderveen, K. ; Sugla, B. , XNAMI-An extensible XML-based paradigm for network and application management instrumentation , Networks, 1999. (ICON '99) Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on , 1999. Page(s): 115 -124 Natarajan, R. ; Mathur, A. P. ; Mc. Kee, P. , A XML based policy-driven management information service , 2001 IEEE/IFIP International Symposium on Integrated Network Management Proceedings, Seattle, May 2001, pp. 277 -280 Lewis, D. ; Mouritzsen, J. D. , The role of XML in TMN evolution , 2001 IEEE/IFIP International Symposium on Integrated Network Management Proceedings, Seattle, May 2001, pp. 689 -702 Ensel, C. ; Keller, A. , Managing application service dependencies with XML and the resource description framework , 2001 IEEE/IFIP International Symposium on Integrated Network Management Proceedings, Seattle, Mya 2001, pp. 661 -674 Hong-Taek Ju, Mi-Jung Choi, Sehee Han, Yunjung Oh, Jeong-Hyuk Yoon, Hyojin Lee and James W. Hong, "An Embedded Web Server Architecture for XML-Based Network Management", Proc. of the IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium (NOMS 2002), Florence, Italy, April 2002, pp. 5 -18. XML-based Network Management (34) POSTECH DP&NM Lab.
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