www nctt org MAITT Summer Workshop 2004 An

www. nctt. org MAITT Summer Workshop 2004 An Introduction to 3 G Cellular and the IEEE 802 Wireless Technologies G. Mullett – Co-Pi (Wireless) National Center for Telecommunications Technologies July 19, 2004 Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Goals of this session www. nctt. org • Provide an overview of the 3 G cellular system and its impact on wireless data • Provide an overview/status report of the various IEEE 802 wireless technologies: – IEEE 802. 11/Wireless LANs – IEEE 802. 15/Wireless PANs – IEEE 802. 16/Wireless MANs – IEEE 802. 20/Mobile Broadband Wireless Networks • Attempt to provide a picture of the integrated wireless infrastructure of the future Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

3 G Cellular and beyond www. nctt. org • To fully appreciate 3 G cellular capabilities, it will be helpful for us to take a quick look at the evolution of cellular technology • We will then examine the characteristics of 3 G cellular and its two most popular implementations – UMTS and cdma 2000 • Without a chance to catch our breath, we will introduce the general characteristics of proposed 4 G wireless networks • We will return to 3 G/4 G wireless after introducing the IEEE 802 wireless technologies Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

A short history of cellular technology www. nctt. org • Device and radio technology had evolved enough that a limited mobile radiotelephone service was introduced in 1946 by AT&T and Southwestern Bell • The cellular telephone concept had been first put forward in the late 1940 s but was not implemented until much later on when the early mobile radio telephone systems became fully saturated with users and were unable to meet public demand Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

A short history of cellular technology (cont. ) www. nctt. org • Finally, after many delays, commercial Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) cellular phone service commenced operation in the US in 1983 • The AMPS system is based on an analog modulation (FM) scheme and is designed to carry only voice traffic • The rest of the world was not waiting for the US to create a universal standard and therefore several different systems evolved in other parts of the world Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

A short history of cellular technology (cont. ) www. nctt. org • It is interesting to note, that at the time, there were no universal frequency allocations for cellular service and for that reason the vast majority of the various early AMPS systems deployed world wide were not compatible with one another • These first analog systems are known as first generation (1 G) cellular technology • Support for the AMPS system is due to be phased out in the US in the year 2007 Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

A short history of cellular technology (cont. ) www. nctt. org • Shortly after the introduction of AMPS technology, the European countries began working together to develop a pan. European cellular system • In 1990, the first phase of the Global System for Mobile communications or GSM was adopted and commercial operation commenced soon thereafter in late 1992 • The wireless system chosen utilized digital modulation technology and was thus known as a second generation or 2 G cellular phone system Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

A short history of cellular technology (cont. ) www. nctt. org • In the United States, cellular operators overlaid a modified version of the AMPS system, known as D-AMPS, on existing AMPS systems to increase capacity • Eventually, a true 2 G TDMA system was developed for use on the 800 MHz cellular and then the 1900 MHz personal communications system (PCS) bands • This 2 G cellular technology system became known as North American TDMA and still enjoys some popularity Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

A short history of cellular technology (cont. ) www. nctt. org • During the early 1990 s, a totally new digital technology known as code division multiple access or CDMA was developed by Qualcomm Corporation • The first commercial deployment of CDMA was in Hong Kong during 1995 • CDMA technology has caught on rapidly in the US and eventually will become the dominant transmission technology for 3 G and 4 G cellular systems as wireless evolves Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Defining 2 G cellular technology www. nctt. org • Recall that 1 G cellular systems used analog modulation techniques to transmit the subscriber’s voice over the traffic channel • All subsequent generations of cellular systems convert a user’s voice from an analog signal to digital form and then use some form of digital modulation to transmit the digital encoding of the voice message Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

2 G characteristics www. nctt. org • This conversion to a digital format is extremely important since it usually results in the ability of the cellular system to accommodate more than one user at a time over the same communications link • This ability is usually referred to as multiplexing or “multiple access” • The two most common forms of 2 G cellular multiplexing techniques are known as time division multiple access (TDMA) and code division multiple access (CDMA) Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

2 G characteristics (cont. ) www. nctt. org • 2 G cellular systems use digital modulation techniques to send digital control messages • As a further consequence of using digital encoding for the user traffic, digital encryption may be employed that provides both security and privacy for the mobile network subscribers – this was not the case for 1 G systems • TDMA systems (GSM, North American TDMA, and Personal Digital Communications (PDC)) all use timeslots to allocate a fixed periodic time when the subscriber has exclusive use of a particular radio channel (similar to T 1 technology used in telephony) Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

A quick look at typical cellular system architecture www. nctt. org HLR – Home Location Register VLR – Visitor Location Register MSC – Mobile Switching Center AUC – Authentication Register EIR – Equipment Identification Register BSC – Base Station Controller ILR – Interworking Location Register MS – Mobile Station RBS – Radio Base Station Source: Ericsson Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Cdma technology www. nctt. org • CDMA or spread spectrum systems use special codes at both the transmitter and receiver to encode the signal and thus allow communications between the two devices. However, other receivers see the signals as noise • Therefore, using CDMA technology, many communications links may be established using the same frequency spectrum in the same geographic location if unique codes are available for use by transmitter/ receiver pairs Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Digital data over 2 G systems www. nctt. org • Circuit switched data transmission over 1 G cellular systems was possible using modems but limited to very low speeds • Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD) was developed in the early 1990 s as a wireless packet data network that could be overlaid on an AMPS network • 2 G systems were designed with data services in mind. 2 G GSM and CDMA systems supported low speed packet data service Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

2. 5 G systems www. nctt. org • Driven by the popularity of the Internet, cellular operators adopted a migration path to provide high -speed packet data service over their cellular systems • 2. 5 G cellular systems would provide data transfer rates of approximately 64 -120 kbps (referred to as high-speed at the time) • GSM would employ a technique known as generic packet radio service or GPRS. Basically, this system would assign additional timeslots from a GSM TDMA frame to a user thus increasing the user’s bandwidth Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

2. 5 G systems (cont. ) www. nctt. org • 2. 5 G CDMA cellular systems also provided higher data transfer rates by allowing a user to be allocated more than one radio link (actually up to a maximum of 8) • In both cases, the changes necessary to accomplish the up-grade to 2. 5 G systems was basically a software up-grade and the addition of equipment that could interface with the IP network Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Present status of cellular www. nctt. org • GSM – Approximately 72. 3% of the world’s cellular customers. 685 networks, 592 operators, 203 countries, and over 1. 1 billion subscribers • CDMA – Approximately 13. 8% of the world’s cellular telephones. 207 networks, 113 operators, 50 countries, and over 200 million subscribers • NA-TDMA – Approximately 7. 36% or 107 million subscribers • PDC – Approximately 4. 22% or 61 million users Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

3 G systems www. nctt. org • The cellular industry, facilitated by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), has developed characteristics and standards for what is known as 3 G cellular • The IMT-2000 forum was convened to address the mobile telecommunication needs of the 21 st century • 3 G system characteristics call for highspeed data access of packet networks and global roaming Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

3 G system characteristics (cell hierarchy) Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved. www. nctt. org

3 G system characteristics (cont. ) www. nctt. org Cell Type Mega Cell Macro Cell Micro Cell Pico Cell Radius 100 -500 km <=35 km <=1 km <=50 m Operating Environment Installation Type Global Mobile Speed (km/h) Data Rate N/A Urban Inbuilding On the top of a building or tower On a lamp post or the side of a building Inside a building <=500 Satellites Suburban <=100 <=10 144 kbps 384 kbps 2 Mbps (low density) (high density) Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

3 G cellular systems www. nctt. org • Several potential 3 G radio transmission technology (RTT) schemes were submitted to the ITU for consideration • At this time, two systems have been embraced for the delivery of 3 G cellular: – GSM/GPRS/EDGE which evolves to UMTS – Cdma 2000 1 x which evolves to cdma 2000 1 x. EV-DO and eventually cdma 2000 1 x. EV-DV • What about NA-TDMA and PDC? They will not support 3 G service. Either UMTS or cdma 2000 will have to be overlaid Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Status of 3 G cellular systems www. nctt. org • One may go to www. 3 gamericas. org and www. cdg. org to see the most up-to-date statistics about the migration of GSM and CDMA towards 3 G capability • It is happening as I speak. The Verizon Wireless network offers 144 kbps over their entire footprint and they have started to deploy cdma 2000 1 x. EV-DO • Other service providers have started to advertise their GSM networks (AT&T Wireless and Cingular) with GPRS and EDGE technology Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

3 G cellular services www. nctt. org • Web access, Laptop or PDA wireless data access, and Push-to-Talk service • Text messaging – Short Message Service or SMS • Multimedia Messaging Service or MMS • Phones with video cameras and still cameras (Reported to be outselling digital cameras!) • Ring tones and Games • I call everything but the first applications generational wireless applications Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

3 G cellular services (cont. ) www. nctt. org • Some statistics (from In. Stat/MDR): – In the US, 54% of mobile customers are using one or more data services over their phones (i. e. SMS, Internet access, ring tones, and games) – Wireless data customers use 42% more voice minutes than non-data customers and spend 19% more on their wireless bill per month • Also, predictions are for a more than fivefold increase in voice traffic and that cellular video traffic will increase to 7. 7 Mbit/user/day and cellular packet data to 6. 8 Mbit/user/day from 2002 to 2010 Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Cellular traffic predictions www. nctt. org From Dr. KW Equity Research Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Status of 3 G/UMTS cellular systems www. nctt. org • Universal Mobile Telephone Service (UMTS) is the next evolutionary step for GSM networks as they evolve to true 3 G networks that utilize wideband CDMA (WCDMA) technology • Worldwide, UMTS 3 G cellular networks (IP based) presently support over 5 million users with predictions of: – 10 -15 million users by the end of 2004 – 125 -150 million users by the end of 2007 Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

What about 4 G? www. nctt. org • No sooner has the cellular industry started to build out 3 G then it has started to standardize 4 G • 4 G is going to provide high-speed access to an all-IP network allowing the delivery of multimedia content in a seamless and ubiquitous fashion • The characteristics of 4 G have been taking shape with the cellular industry even putting an anticipated time table into place (starting with the preliminary adoption of standards in 2007) Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Typical 4 G characteristics www. nctt. org Source: IEEE Wireless Communications Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

4 G characteristics (cont. ) www. nctt. org • 4 G networks will have to support all of the traditional cellular operations such as mobility management and radio resource and power management, as well as: – Support for vertical handoffs between heterogeneous networks (i. e. from cellular to IEEE 802. 11 (WLAN), etc) – Support for multiple-hop networks – Support for reconfigurable or cognitive networks Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

4 G timetable www. nctt. org Source: IEEE Wireless Communications Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802 wireless technologies www. nctt. org • Today, most of us have been exposed to wireless LANs • Many have deployed wireless LANs in their homes and apartments to maximize the use of high-speed broadband access (i. e. cable modem or ADSL) • The IEEE is the organization in charge of the standards for this type of technology (see www. ieee. org) • In particular, wireless LAN standards are covered by IEEE 802. 11 Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Wireless LANs/IEEE 802. 11 www. nctt. org • The initial IEEE 802. 11 standard was finalized in June of 1997 • The technology has a much longer history that can be traced back to 1971 with the implementation of ALOHA-Net at the University of Hawaii • Early proprietary systems used the lower frequency unlicensed ISM bands (902 -928 MHz) opened up by the FCC in 1985 • Standardization efforts started in 1991 Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Wireless LANs/IEEE 802. 11 (cont. ) www. nctt. org • The initial standard called for the use of the 2. 4 GHz unlicensed ISM band with data transfer rates of 1 or 2 Mbps using spread spectrum modulation • This initial data rate did not help user adoption in the early going since most LAN users were use to either 10 or 100 Mbps wired LANs • Extensions to the IEEE 802. 11 standard have given the push needed to make this a rapidly growing technology Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 11 b/a/g www. nctt. org • In 1999, IEEE 802. 11 b provided support for 11 Mbps in the 2. 4 GHz band IEEE 802. 11 a provided support for rates up to 54 Mbps in the newer 5 GHz ISM band • In 2003, IEEE 802. 11 g provided for data rates up to 54 Mbps in the 2. 4 GHz ISM band • Now, vendors sell low cost WLAN access points that support 802. 11 b/a/g and the radio cards for these standards are readily available and inexpensive Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 11 x www. nctt. org • There are many other IEEE 802. 11 x projects in the works to further refine wireless LAN technology: – 802. 11 e – addresses Qo. S issues (3 G/4 G related) – 802. 11 d – addresses operation in other countries – 802. 11 i – enhances security (almost complete) – 802. 11 j – provides support for operation in Japan – 802. 11 n – provides true data throughput rates in excess of 100 Mbps Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 11 x (cont. ) www. nctt. org • Recently approved IEEE 802. 11 x standards and new projects (*) include: – 802. 11 f – addresses interoperability of multivendor access point equipment – 802. 11 h – addresses operation in Europe in 5 GHz band – 802. 11 k* – enhances Radio Resource Measurement capabilities (Cognitive Radio!) – 802. 11 r* – attempts to improve BSS transitions and address Vo. IP issues – 802. 11 s* – addresses multi-hop or mesh technology issues – etc Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

What is IEEE 802. 11? www. nctt. org • Essentially, the IEEE 802. 11 standard provides for the wireless extension of an 802 wired LAN • Access Points (APs) provide points of connection for portable radio cards or other wireless enabled devices • There are vendors that sell “bridges” that can extend the WLAN over distances of kms using outdoor high gain antennas • Set-up is fairly straight forward using windows based software and point-andclick GUIs Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 11 status www. nctt. org • What does the future hold for IEEE 802. 11? • Most observers see a large upside to this technology, however, many predict a limited lifetime with a tapering off of annual Wi-Fi sales sometime during the end of this decade in the pc marketplace • One might ask why this might happen – WLANs and hot-spots will continue to proliferate until all those that are economically viable have been installed Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 11 status (cont. ) www. nctt. org – However, Moore’s Law will continue to have an effect on device technology, with IEEE 802. 11 functionality becoming a part of some IC that is eventually a standard feature of a portable device (see below) – Many predict the demise of the pc as we know it sometime before the end of this decade as it morphs into some other type of device – Radio Free Intel. This company is making a big push to provide wireless access on each of its microprocessors in the not-too distant future and is also pushing disruptive technology in the form of the IEEE 802. 16 standard Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 11 status (cont. ) www. nctt. org • In related news, the FCC has recently released more spectrum in the 5 GHz range for unlicensed use and is considering the same for the 3. 6 GHz band the TV band. • The FCC is also considering changes in allowed output power for IEEE 802. 11 (i. e. higher in certain areas of the country) • This push by the FCC could lead to other Wi-Fi applications in the heartland of America Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 11 status update www. nctt. org • This Monday, July 12 th, 2004, the FCC adopted rules changes to Part 15 that affect unlicensed wireless broadband service: – These rule changes are designed to promote use of unlicensed broadband service in rural areas – Specifically, allowing the use of advanced antenna technologies such as sectorized or phased array antennas – Also, allowing alternative replacement antennas, certain external amplifiers, redefining modulation measurement procedures, and alternate frequency hopping specifications Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 11 Status (cont. ) www. nctt. org • Also, on July 1 st, 2004 New York City released a RFP for an unprecedented wireless public safety network – the world’s largest public safety hotzone! – Network would provide the ability to send and receive wireless data at 2 Mbps at speeds up to 70 mph – Project cost is estimated to be between $500 million and $1 billion – Proposed: meshed WLAN system or a cdma EV -DO network Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Wireless PANs/IEEE 802. 15 www. nctt. org • Let’s switch our attention to the IEEE 802. 15. x technologies • This standard deals with wireless PANs or wireless networks with a very limited range (i. e. 10 meters maximum) • Many know this technology as “Bluetooth” • The IEEE 802. 15. 1 standard calls for operation in the 2. 4 GHz unlicensed ISM band also, using a form of spread spectrum Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Bluetooth/IEEE 802. 15. 1 www. nctt. org • The application areas envisioned for this standard are: – The elimination of proprietary cables for the connection of both stationary and portable devices – Various extensions to the standard have the potential to transform how things are done through the deployment of wireless sensor networks that will support applications in both the commercial/business and consumer/home environments. More about this topic later Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 15. 1 characteristics www. nctt. org • Bluetooth wireless networks can transfer data both asynchronously or synchronously in a variety of combinations and rates • This allows Bluetooth to provide Qo. S that supports standard voice (i. e. application area – hands free cell phone operation) • Also, allows vendors the ability to tailor data rates for future applications Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 15. 1 characteristics (cont. ) www. nctt. org • Bluetooth networks are low power and ad hoc in nature • Typical power is 1 m. W compared to 100 m. W for a wireless LAN • Network only exists for a limited time • Network may consist of different devices and may change structure rapidly • Network elements are known as “Master” and “Slave” • A Bluetooth device may take on either role Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Typical IEEE 802. 15. 1 networks (piconets) Source: IEEE 802. 15. 1 Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved. www. nctt. org

Typical IEEE 802. 15. 1 data rates www. nctt. org Source: IEEE 802. 15. 1 FEC = forward error correction (rate) CRC = cyclic redundancy check Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Future IEEE 802. 15. 1 features www. nctt. org Source: IEEE Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 15. 2 www. nctt. org • Deals with facilitation of the coexistence of IEEE 802. 15. x devices and other devices that both use the same unlicensed frequency spectrum • Two techniques: – Non-collaborative – Collaborative techniques: this type of operation allows for the exchange of information between an IEEE 802. 15 device and an IEEE 802. 11 device Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 15. 3 www. nctt. org • Adopted late in 2003, this standard provides for low cost and complexity, low power consumption, and high data rate (20 Mbps) WPAN operation • Useful for high-speed multimedia applications with Qo. S support capabilities • Follow-on project, IEEE 802. 15. 3 a calls for support for 110 Mbps and higher data transfers using new ultra-wideband transmission technology or some other new technique Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 15. 3 -4 piconets (basic star operation) Source: IEEE Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved. www. nctt. org

IEEE 802. 15. 3 -4 piconets (cont. ) (peer-to-peer topology) Source: IEEE Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved. www. nctt. org

IEEE 802. 15. 3 -4 piconets (cont. ) (cluster tree network) www. nctt. org This graphic indicates how a cluster tree network may dramatically extend an IEEE 802. 15. 3 network by forming a mesh of multiple neighboring clusters Source: IEEE Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 15. 4 www. nctt. org • This standard addresses the low rate WPAN application space • Data transfers less than or equal to 250 kbps, ultra low power consumption, small form factor and complexity • The Zig. Bee Alliance is an industrial group with an interest in this technology • Application area is limitless – weather prediction, crop maintenance, all types of wireless sensor networks – typical present day application: tire pressure sensor Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 15. 4 characteristics www. nctt. org Source: IEEE There is one channel in the 868 MHz band, ten channels in the 900 MHz band, and sixteen channels in the 2. 4 GHz band! Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 15. x application space summary Source: IEEE Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved. www. nctt. org

Wireless MANs/IEEE 802. 16 www. nctt. org • A new standard for a old technology, IEEE 802. 16 addresses the wireless MAN application space – network access to buildings • This standard provides the details of the Physical and MAC layers for fixed point-tomultipoint broadband wireless access (today, known as Wi. Max) • This technology has existed for many years with proprietary equipment sold primarily to countries without a large installed telecommunications infrastructure Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 16 characteristics www. nctt. org • Initial standard supports the transfer of voice, data, and video services at frequencies between 10 -66 GHz (Line-ofsight (LOS) operation) • Moore’s Law again! Device improvements at millimeter wavelengths and lower costs have reduced price of system components • Also, recent changes to unlicensed spectrum have lead to amendments of IEEE 802. 16 that address the 2 -11 GHz range Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 16 characteristics (cont. ) www. nctt. org • The FCC has recently released a large amount of previously restricted spectrum in the range of 71 -95 GHz for broadband millimeter wave LANs and other broadband Internet services • Recent moves by the FCC to release 3. 5 GHz spectrum for unlicensed use • IEEE 802. 16 was adopted in late 2001 for 10 -66 GHz • Application space: SOHO through small to medium size office complexes Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 16 a-2003 www. nctt. org • Amendments to IEEE 802. 16 provide for operation in the unlicensed bands (covers all frequencies from 2 -11 GHz) and deal with Non-LOS and mesh operation • Another project, IEEE 802. 16. e is suppose to provide enhancements that support subscriber stations moving at vehicular speeds • Basically, a wireless MAN serves as a bridge to an existing network infrastructure Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Typical IEEE 802. 16 system www. nctt. org Source: IEEE Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 16 physical layers www. nctt. org • Wireless. MAN-SC – for operation in the 1066 GHz frequency range • Wireless. MAN-SCa – for operation in the 211 GHz frequency range • Wireless. MAN-OFDM – for operation in the 2 -11 GHz frequency range • Wireless. MAN-OFDMA – for operation in the 2 -11 GHz frequency range • Wireless High-speed Unlicensed MAN or Wireless. HUMAN – for operation in license exempt bands in the 2 -11 GHz range Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 16 operation www. nctt. org • Operation is based on the DOCSIS standard • Various classes of service used for different types of applications • Intel is also pushing this technology and hopes to market a Wi. Max chip set in the near future Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

IEEE 802. 20 www. nctt. org • New IEEE 802 wireless technology project that deals with the delivery of mobile broadband wireless access in the licensed frequency bands in the range of 450 MHz to 3 GHz and supports vehicular speeds up to 250 km/hr (approximately 200 mph) • Market is all Internet users! • Based on IP mobility Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Merging of wireless networks www. nctt. org • Recently, there has been a great deal of interest by the cellular providers in WLAN hot-spots and WLAN technology • Some have predicted a merging of the networks and seamless operation between the two technologies (3 G and Wi-Fi) • Some have suggested that the cellular subscriber of the future will use the traditional cellular network for wireless WAN operation when appropriate and use a WLAN for network connectivity when in close proximity of a WLAN Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

The all-IP wireless network www. nctt. org • This last statement implies a connection between the two networks and the use of Vo. IP when connected to the WLAN • I believe this type of operation is in our future • 3 G/4 G networks and IEEE 802 wireless networks will provide seamless connectivity to the IP network worldwide Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

WLAN connection to a cellular network www. nctt. org Source: Ericsson Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.

Summary www. nctt. org • Wireless connectivity to the IP network is in your future • Seamless operation as one moves about providing handoffs from wireless network to wireless network with multiple-hop relaying functions commonplace • The use of wireless sensor networks will change how we do business in many areas • The best of wireless is yet to come! Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation. Copyright STCC Foundation Press. All rights reserved.