World War Two World War II The Short

World War Two World War II The Short Version

October 1933 - Hitler pulls Germany out of League of Nations March 1935 – Hitler denounces clauses of Versailles Treaty that limits German arms

Hitler expands military shows tanks Luftwaffe builds ships draft

Ethiopia • October 3, 1935 Italy (Mussolini) attacks Ethiopia • May 9, 1935 Italy annexes Ethiopia • Resistance under Haile Selassie continues throughout the War

The West does nothing England worried an embargo would start a general war France does not want to alienate Mussolini since they see him as a possible ally against Hitler

Rhineland • March 7, 1936 Nazi Germany Rearms the Rhineland • Against the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles • Germany still weak, German generals warn against it-Hitler tells them to retreat if France makes a move

France will do nothing without British support England back to Splendid Isolation

Hitler takes from this: *Leaders of the West are weak *He was right and the generals are wrong

Spain • Civil War breaks out July 17, 1936 • Fascist troops led Generalissimo Francisco Franco are supported by Italy and Nazi Germany • Government supported by moderates and the left

April 26, 1937 Guernica bombed the German Condor Legion

Guernica - Pablo Picasso

2 nd Sino-Japanese War • Marco Polo Bridge- Beijing July 7, 1937 • Bombing of Shanghai August 13, 1937 • Invasion of Shanghai • Rape of Nanking

Rape of Nanking December 1937 About 300, 000 civilians killed 90, 000 POW’s

Anschluss • March 12, 1938 • Union with Austria • Dr. Kurt von Schuschnigg • Replaced by Dr. Arthur Seyss-Inquart • Austria taken without a shot • Schuschnigg arrested, taken to camps

German army crosses border

Sets Hitler’s pattern for taking territory 1. Complain about German minority getting discriminated against 2. Has local Nazi party cause unrest 3. Says government must restore calm or he will 4. Threaten leader 5. After take over announce that is the last territorial claim

6. The army moves in 7. Following the army comes the S. S. with lists of individuals to arrest or shoot

Munich Pact • Hitler demands the unification of all Germanic people. • Wants Sudetenland which was part of Germany and Austria

Chamberlain meets Hitler

Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia given to Germany by Neville Chamberlain Appeasement

Why do leaders in the West follow policy of appeasement?

France: Suffered great human and material losses during WWI Have neither military or moral strength to fight again

England: Cut defense spending in the 20’s and early 30’s to pay for social programs Not strong enough to fight

Many people feel Germany is correct about the harshness of the Versailles Treaty Some see Hitler as a champion against communism

Many feel they can deal with Hitler Thinking based on: • There must be a limit to what he wants • No rational person wants to have a war

Czechoslovakia • March 15, 1939 • Nazi Germany invades the rest of Czechoslovakia • Violates the Munich Pact

West begins to realize Hitler may not be telling the truth Decide to support Poland Problem? No common border, can only help by invading Germany if war comes

Stalin worried about Hitler • Hitler’s talks about destroying Bolshevism and finding Lebensraum to the East

Tries to work a deal with France and England France afraid it will make Hitler mad England uninterested and feels Commies are a bigger threat than Hitler

Stalin decides the only way to deal Hitler is to deal with Hitler

Non-Aggression pact with the Soviet Union signed August 23, 1939

What does each side want this? Hitler will not have to fight a two front was like Germany did in WWI Stalin gets time to modernize his army and rebuild the officer corps after the Purge

What are the terms? Poland is divided between the two powers Stalin gets the Baltic States Agree to trade

Poland • September 1, 1939 • Blitzkrieg attack on Poland • Starts World War II in Europe

Junker 87 Stuka

Total War not just on soldiers Also on civilians and economy

Warsaw

Stalin invades Finland to get buffer space around Leningrad

Leningrad

With nothing happening in the West over the winter, people begin to call it the Phony War

Hitler invades Norway in April 1940

France • May 10, 1940 • Nazi Germany invades France and the Low Countries • June 22, 1940 France Surrenders

Both French and British troops fall back What should the British do?

• Stay with French troops and fall back towards Paris • Retreat toward the Channel

British decide to try to save the army and head for Dunkirk

Germans stop outside of Dunkirk –why? *wanted to allow British to ask for peace *tanks need rest & repair *bad tank country

Goering tells Hitler Luftwaffe will destroy British

British organize Operation Dynamo – the evacuation of the British Army

British need ships that can get close to shore 700 tugs, yachts, steamers, barges, fishing ships and anything else that floats

May 27 – June 3 Get 338, 226 back to England

Results *save army but lose heavy equipment *French upset - feel abandoned

Germans continue on to Paris France surrenders

Hitler and Speer

Surrender states: • All French POWs stay captive • France pays for German occupation • All Jews to be handed over

Occupied France Vichy

Vichy Petain is the head of Vichy Milice-French Gestapo Used to round up Jews and resistance leaders

Battle of Britain • Air and sea battle • Germany plans Operation Sealion • Britain defeats German Luftwaffe • Britain not invaded

German advantages: *MORE!!!! Disadvantages: *Luftwaffe designed for ground support not air superiority *Hitler & Goering

Disadvantages: • Distance - German fighter only 10 minutes over London - if damaged must bail out over England or Channel

Spitfire

Hawker Hurricane

Me 109

Ju-87 Stuka

Me 110 fighter-bomber

He 111

Ju-88

Why does Germany lose? Strategic indecision: Hitler and Goering can’t make up their minds about objectives

1. Attack shipping and port to lure British into dogfights 2. Attack forward airfields 3. Attack radar 4. Attack main airfields & fighter production

5. The Blitz

The Blitz

Michael Caine

The Few

Indo-China • September 13, 1940 Japan invades French-Indo China • United States responds by placing on embargo on Japan Oil & Steel • Japan feels it is placed in a corner

Barbarossa • June 22, 1941 • Nazi Germany invades the USSR • The largest invasion in the history of the world • Advance to Leningrad, Moscow and Stalingrad

Pearl Harbor • Japanese task force attacks American base in Hawaii • December 7, 1941 • 2, 403 Americans killed

Japanese Expansion • Attacks allied targets in the Pacific • Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore • Japan takes Dutch East Indies • Americans surrender Philippines May 6, 1942

Coral Sea/Midway • Japanese task force stopped invasion of Port Moresby May 7 -8, 1942 First naval battle fought by aircraft • June 4, 1942 US sinks four Japanese carriers in the Battle of Midway • Turning Point of War

North Africa • Operation Torch November 7, 1942 • Axis defeated in North Africa May 7, 1943

Stalingrad • German army surrounded at Stalingrad • Surrender Feb 2, 1943 • Soviets on Offensive for rest of the war

Sicily/Italy • Operation Husky June 9, 1943 • August 12, 1943 Axis leave Sicily • Invasion of Salerno September 9, 1943 • Rome Retaken June 5, 1944 by Clark

• June 6, 1944 D-Day • Allied troops invade Occupied France • Normandy beaches • Operation Overlord

Petain and Hitler

Charles De Gaulle

Pointe du Hoc

Allied advance • Retake Paris • Invade Holland • Reach Germany

Battle of the Bulge • December 16, 1944 • Germany offensive in the Ardennes • Largest battle ever fought by America • Germany defeated

Defeat of Germany • March 7, 1945 Allies cross Rhine • April 16, 1945 Soviets attack Berlin • April 30, 1945 Hitler commits suicide • May 7, 1945 Germany surrenders

Reichstag

New laws passed: *Jews turn over precious metals *segregated in German towns *no carrier pigeons *suspend drivers licenses *confiscation of radios *curfew 9 -5 summer 8 -6 winter

One plan was to make things so bad in Germany Jews will want to leave SS works on this-have plan to set up Jewish colony Madagascar

War ends all of these plans Einsatzgruppen organized in Poland Russia Richard Heydrich in charge

Richard Heydrich Head of SD

Wansee Conference January 20, 1942 Endlosung-Final Solution 11 million Jews(broken down by country)

Sent to transit ghettos Sent on to work camps or death camps Many would “doubtless… fall away through natural reduction”

Adolf Eichmann

Eichmann made sure the final Solution ran smoothly Made train run on time and camps were set up

Arriving at Auschwitz

Problem for Germans-shooting too slow Try putting Jews in sealed trucks and driving them-too much gas wasted

Commander of Auschwitz Rudolf Hoss tries Zyklon B an insecticide from I. G. Faben

** Polish-Soviet area Germany Austria Czechoslovakia (in the pre-Munich boundaries Hungary, including northern Transylvania France Belgium Luxembourg Italy The Netherlands Norway Romania (Regat, southern Transylvania, southern Bukovina) Yugoslavia 4, 565, 000 125, 000 65. 000 277, 000 Greece Total Loss 65, 000 5, 820, 960 402, 000 83, 000 24, 000 700 7, 500 106, 000 760 40, 000 60, 000

Nuremburg Trials Nazi leadership that is captured are tried for war crimes

Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walther Funk, Hjalmar Schacht Back Row Left to Right Karl Dönitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Franz von Papen, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Albert Speer, Konstantin von Neurath, Hans Fritzsche

Hitler, Himmler and Goebbels not there Goering top Nazi at the trial

11 sentenced to death including Goering Some get prison sentence Two not guilty

Adolf Eichmann will be found in Argentina in the late 1050’s, kidnapped and brought to Israel

Defeat of Japan • Island Hopping advances toward Japan • Allies invade Iwo Jima (Feb 19, 1945) and Okinawa (April 1, 1945) • Philippines retaken July 5, 1945

Atomic Bombs • Hiroshima bombed August 6, 1945 • Soviet Union Invades China • Nagasaki Bombed August 9, 1945 • Japan surrenders August 14, 1945

Nagasaki

Results • Up to 100 million dead • Refugee problem • Europe and much of Asia destroyed • Cold War

YALTA CONFERENCE * FEBRUARY 4 -11 1945 * CRIMEAN PENNINSULA * CHURCHILL, ROOSEVELT, STALIN

YALTA AGREEMENTS • UN • FREE ELECTIONS • COALITION GOVERNMENT IN POLAND • GERMANY – 4 ZONES

YALTA CONFERENCE

POTSDAM CONFERENCE • JULY 17 –AUGUST 2 1945 • OUTSIDE BERLIN • ATLEE, TRUMAN, STALIN

POTSDAM DISAGREEMENTS • SOVIETS REFUSE POLAND COALITION • ADJUST BORDER OF GERMANY AND POLAND • TRUMAN REFUSES SOVIET REPARATIONS FROM ALLIED ZONES

POTSDAM CONFERENCE

RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE • INVADED BY GERMANY TWICE IN 27 YEARS • LOST IN WWI • ALMOST LOST WWII • WANT TO PREVENT THIS FROM HAPPENING AGAIN

SOVIET DISTRUST • UP TO 40 MILLION KILLED IN WWII • ABOUT 100, 000 US SOLDIER KILLED IN EUROPE • STALIN FEELS US DELAYED SECOND FRONT