World War II What War involving nearly all

World War II: What? War involving nearly all the nations of the world… AGAIN When? 1939 -1945 US Involvement 1941 -1945 2

Why? Failure of the Treaty of Versailles Weak League of Nations Aggression by totalitarian powers Rearmament Anti-Communism Belief in Fascism Isolationism Hitler’s ideology written in Mein Kampf : Anti-Semitism Lebensraum 3

Alliances Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan 4 Allied Powers: France Great Britain USSR United States

Who: Major leaders of the war- the Allies Franklin D. Roosevelt-U. S. President Joseph Stalin-Soviet dictator Winston Churchill-British prime minister Harry Truman-US President after death of Roosevelt Dwight D. Eisenhower-U. S. general Douglas Mac. Arthur-U. S. general 5 George Marshall-U. S. general

Who: Major leaders of the war- The Axis Benito Mussolini- Italian Dictator Adolf Hitler-Nazi dictator of Germany Hideki Tojo-Japanese general Hirohito-Emperor of Japan 6

Japanese Aggression 1931: Invade Manchuria 1933: Invade rest of China 1937: ‘Rape of Nanking’ 1940: Occupy French Indochina (Vietnam) 1941: Take Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) Dec. 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor 7

Japanese Aggression Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931 8

Japanese Aggression Why invade Manchuria? The need for new markets and new sources of raw materials such as coal, oil, bauxite (for aluminum), and iron ore led Japan to invade and annex Manchuria, renaming it Manchukuo. China protested to the League of Nations, but the League was not able to stop the aggression. This failure showed the world that the League could not maintain world peace. 9

Vocabulary Fascism: ideology or attitude that favors dictatorial government, centralized control of private enterprise, repression of all opposition, and extreme nationalism. Marxist-Leninist Communism version of a classless society in which capitalism is overthrown by a workingclass revolution that gives ownership and control of wealth and property to the state Communism (beginning with Stalin): any system of government in which a single, usually totalitarian, party holds power, and the state controls the economy 10

Pre-War Italy Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922 to 1943 Centralized all power in himself as the leader. Ultimately in alliance with Hitler's Germany 11 il duce

Pre-War: Italy invades Ethiopia, 1935 Emperor Haile Selassie 12 Italy’s successful war against Ethiopia in 1935 -1936 was opposed by the League of Nations, so Mussolini was forced to seek an alliance with Nazi Germany, which had withdrawn from the League in 1933.

Pre-War Germany 1933 -Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. He was convinced the Western powers had no intention of using force to maintain the Treaty of Versailles. 13

Spanish Civil War-Italian Involvement The Spanish Civil War: 1936 - 1939 Francisco Franco 14 Italian troops in Madrid Italian intervention in 1936 -1939 on the side of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War ended any possibility of Italian reconciliation with France and Britain. Italy now had to side with Germany.

Spanish Civil War-German Involvement Why did Hitler aid Franco? Geopolitics; he hoped for the establishment of another authoritarian regime on the border of his great enemy, France. 15 He used Spain as a testingground for German military forces, and particularly his Luftwaffe, which in 1937 bombed Guernica, the first time a European city was flattened by area bombing. Hitler And Franco

Spanish Civil War “Guernica” by Pablo Picasso 16 Guernica shows the tragedies of war and the suffering it inflicts upon individuals, particularly innocent civilians.

Hitler’s Initial Goal for Lebensraum Hitler wanted all German-speaking nations in Europe to be a part of Germany. He wanted to reunite Germany with his native homeland, Austria. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles Germany and Austria were forbidden to be unified. Hitler also wanted control of the ethnic Germans within an area of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland. 17

German Aggression In March 7, 1936, Hitler sent German troops into the Rhineland, which was a demilitarized area. 18

Italian and German Alliance Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936 The “Pact of Steel” 19

Japanese - German - Italian Alliance Anti-Comintern Pact Agreement between Germany and Japan Nov. 25, 1936 forming an alliance against communism. Italy joins Nov. 6, 1937 20

The Austrian Anschluss Hitler pursued a union with Austria, or Anschluss. 12 th March 1938: German troops marched into Austria unopposed. Hitler now had control of Austria. A month later, Hitler held a rigged referendum. The results showed that the Austrian people approved of German control of their country. 21

Czechoslovakia Crisis-1938 Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia, and made a Nazi puppet state 22

The Munich Pact-1938 Britain, France, Germany and Italy met to address the Czechoslovakia Crisis. The goal of the leaders was to avoid war. Hitler promised that Czechoslovakia would be his “last territorial demand in Europe. ” Sudetenland given to Germany in exchange for this promise. 23

The Sudetenland 24

The Munich Pact-1938 British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain Now we have “peace for our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. 25

Appeasement After the Munich Conference, Prime Minister Chamberlain of Britain did not issue a strong statement in opposition to Hitler’s actions. Chamberlain believed Hitler would not violate anymore agreements. Appeasement: the political strategy of pacifying a potentially hostile nation in the hope of avoiding war, often by granting concessions 26

Nazi-Soviet Nonagression Pact Hitler was afraid of an alliance between the West and the Soviet Union. In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact. Germany and USSR promised not to attack each other. Hitler offered Stalin eastern Poland the Baltic states. Hitler knew that eventually he would break the pact. The Pact enabled him to invade Poland without fear. 27

Nazi-Soviet Nonagression Pact Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov 28 USSR stays out of the war in return for 1/2 of Poland

The War Begins Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939 29 Great Britain and France declare war on Germany: September 3, 1939

The War Begins- Why Poland? 30

DANZIG 31

Blitzkrieg: Lightning War Blitzkrieg: a form of attack that used tank divisions supported by air attacks. 32

The Phony War October 1939 -May 10, 1940. Germany built up forces to invade France established defenses behind her Maginot Line: a series of strong fortifications on the French-German Border. The Maginot Line did not extend beyond that border 33

Maginot Line The French had fortified their border with Germany along the Maginot Line, but the Germans surprised them by going around it. 34

Maginot Line 35

Germany Invades France 36 Battle of France May 10 – June 22, 1940. The Germans invaded the Netherlands and Belgium bypassing the Maginot Line. Britain and France moved to counter this attack.

Germany Invades France The Germans trapped the entire British army and French forces on the beaches of Dunkirk. Germany now controlled western and central Europe. Only Britain remained undefeated. Dunkirk Evacuated June 4, 1940 37

France Surrenders June 22, 1940 France surrenders. 38

Hitler and Nazi’s in France 39

A Divided France 40 Vichy France was unoccupied France, governed by authoritarian regime under German control of Henri Petain Henri Pétain

French Resistance The Cross of Lorraine chosen by de Gaulle as the symbol of the French Forces The Free French Forces were French fighters in WWII who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces after the surrender of France and subsequent German occupation. 41 General Charles De. Gaulle

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Chamberlain to Churchill 43 May 10, 1940 Churchill becomes Prime Minister. Churchill offered no magic bullets, no miracle solutions, and no false hope. May 13, 1940 address to Parliament: “I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this government: I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. ”

Churchill: A Great Leader 44

Churchill: Speeches June 4, 1940 '. . . We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender. . . ' 45 'We shall fight on the beaches. . . ‘,

Battle of Britain Hitler understood that he could not attack Britain by sea unless he first controlled the air. August 1940: the Luftwaffe. German air force- began a major bombing offensive against military targets in Britain. 46 Aided by a good radar system, the British fought back but suffered critical losses.

Battle of Britain German leaders: destroy the British air force to stop it from sinking ships that would carry German soldiers across the English Channel. July 10, 1940, the Luftwaffe made their first bomber attack on British ships in the Channel. August, 1940 the German air force began its mass bomber attacks on British airfields, harbors, aircraft factories and radar stations. October 31, 1940, ends of the Battle of Britain wins. 47

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The “Blitz”: Attack on British Cities 49

What was the Blitz? Heavy and frequent bombing attacks on London and other cities in Britain, especially at night. Nightly German bombing raids, from September 7, 1940 until May 16, 1941, attacked British cities, ports and industrial areas. Civilians? One third of London was destroyed. 50 32, 000 civilians were killed and 87, 000 were seriously injured. Bomb shelter in the Tube

What Effect Did the war have on the people? World War II brought suffering and hardship. The peaceful routine of everyday life was shattered. Children were sent out of the cities to stay with strangers, away from the bombing. Families were broken up as men were sent to the front lines to fight, some never to return. Shops were empty and what was available was often rationed. 51

Where’s the US? The British asked the United States for help. The United States had a strict policy of isolationism. A series of neutrality acts passed in the 1930 s prevented the United States from involvement in European conflicts. Though President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounced the Germans, the United States did nothing at first. 52

Lend-Lease Act 1941 President Roosevelt had virtually unlimited authority to direct material aid such as ammunition, tanks, airplanes, trucks, and food to the war effort in Europe without violating the U. S. official position of neutrality. 53

The Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August 1941. Solidifies alliance. Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points. Calls for League of Nations type organization. 54

The Atlantic Charter United Nations 55

Germany Invades USSR June 22, 1941 Germany launched a surprise attack on the Soviet Union. 56 Breaks the Non-Aggression Pact. The U. S. decided to extend Lend-Lease aid to the Soviets as well.

Operation Barbarossa 57

Operation Barbarossa The attack on the Soviet Union stretched out for 1, 800 miles. German troops moved quickly and captured two million Russian soldiers by November. The Germans were within 25 miles of Moscow. Winter came early in 1941 and, combined with fierce Russian resistance, forced the Germans to halt. This marked the first time in the war that the Germans had been stopped. 58

Operation Barbarossa The Germans were not equipped for the bitter Russian winter. In December, the Soviet army counterattacked. A new coalition was formed called the Grand Alliance: Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The three nations agreed to focus on military operations and ignore political differences. They agreed in 1943 to fight until the Axis Powers–Germany, Italy, and Japan– surrendered unconditionally. 59

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European Theater of Operations 61

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Pearl Harbor: Background Japan: Wars of aggression in Asia. Army, Navy and Air Force undefeated. Technology and soldiers used the latest strategy. Signed a pact with Nazi Germany (and Italy) because Germany becoming the preeminent power in the West: The Tripartite Pact, Sept 1940. Only the United States of America is managing to curb Japan’s ambition by restricting her oil supplies. 64

Pearl Harbor: Background Pearl Harbor 65 The Pacific ocean showing the proximity of USA and Japan to Hawaii.

Pearl Harbor: Background 66

Pearl Harbor-and more! On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked the U. S. naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, the Philippines and the British colony of Malaya simultaneously. Japan invaded the Dutch East Indies and other islands in the Pacific Ocean. 67 By the spring of 1942, the Japanese controlled almost all of Southeast Asia and much of the western Pacific USS Arizona

Pearl Harbor-Effects The Japanese thought that their attacks on the U. S. fleet would destroy the U. S. Navy and lead the Americans to accept Japanese domination in the Pacific. The attack on Pearl Harbor had the opposite effect. 68 It united the American people and convinced the nation that it should enter the war against Japan.

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Pearl Harbor 5 PHASE ATTACK BY JAPANESE… (as noted by the U. S. Navy) PHASE 1: Combined torpedo plane and dive bomber attacks lasting from 7: 55 a. m. to 8: 25 a. m. PHASE 2: Lull in attacks lasting from 8: 25 - 8: 40 a. m. PHASE 3: Horizontal bomber attacks from 8: 40 – 9: 15 a. m. PHASE 4: Dive bomber attacks between 9: 15 -9: 45 a. m. PHASE 5: Warning of attacks and completion of raid after 9: 45 a. m. 70

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Pearl Harbor Hitler thought that the Americans would be too involved in the Pacific to fight in Europe. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Hitler declared war on the United States. 73 World War II had become a global war.

The US Enters The War The US enters the war on the Allied side. The tide turns in favor of the Allies. 74

Pearl Harbor: Today 75

Pearl Harbor: Today 76 USS Arizona Memorial

War in the Pacific U. S. troops surrender to the Japanese in the Philippine Islands, May 6, 1942. A total of 11, 500 Americans and Filipinos became POWs. 77

Italy-The Soft Underbelly of Europe 78

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Yalta Conference in February 1945 80 Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Joseph Stalin

The End of the War Main Idea In 1945 the Allies finally triumphed over the Axis powers, but the war left many nations in ruins. Reading Focus • How did the war end in Europe? • How did the war end in the Pacific? • What were the Allied plans for the postwar world?

War Ends in Europe • Soviet advance—pushing Hitler’s troops backward • Axis forces with 2 million casualties—outnumbered and outgunned • Early 1944, Siege of Leningrad ends; more victories for Soviets followed • Axis forces driven back into central Europe • Soviets within 40 miles of Berlin by February 1945 D-Day • Second front in Western Europe • Sea assault led by Marshall and Eisenhower • June 6, 1944, invasion at Normandy • Victory came with high casualties • Paris free by end of August Battle of the Bulge • December 1944, one last stand • Counterattack at Belgium • German advance led to bulge in the line • Defeat ended German resistance • Allies racing to Berlin from the east and west

The Germans Surrender • Soviets reached Berlin first • Adolf Hitler found dead in bunker—a suicide • Berlin surrendered May 2, 1945; Germany five days later • Victory in Europe (V-E Day) proclaimed May 8, 1945 • War in Europe finally over after nearly six years

Draw Conclusions What effect did D-Day have on the war in Europe? Answer(s): The Allies quickly reconquered much of France and started to push into Germany from the west.

War Ends in the Pacific Final Battles • By mid-1944, regular bombing raids on Japanese cities, including Tokyo • Great distance made raids difficult, dangerous • Americans needed bases closer to Japan Battle of Iwo Jima • February 1945 island invasion; 750 miles south of Tokyo • 7, 000 Americans died in month of fighting; 20, 000 Japanese died—only 1, 000 thousand surrendered Battle of Okinawa • Only 350 miles from Japan; U. S. troops invaded island April 1945 • By June, 12, 000 American soldiers dead • Japanese lost 100, 000 defenders and another 100, 000 civilians

The Atomic Bomb • After Okinawa, mainland Japan was next • The U. S. military estimated cost of invading mainland Japan-up to 1 million Allied killed or wounded Option to invasion July 26, 1945 • Atomic bomb successfully tested in 1945 • Allies issued demand for surrender • No response; Hiroshima bombed on August 6 • Still no surrender; second bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9 • 145, 000 total deaths • Japanese acknowledged defeat • Harry S Truman U. S. president with Roosevelt’s death in May 1945 • Forced to make decision—bomb Japanese city to force surrender Emperor Hirohito surrendered on August 15, 1945. This day is known as V-J Day for Victory in Japan. World War II was finally over.

Find the Main Idea What brought an end to the war in the Pacific? Answer(s): the dropping of atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The Postwar World End of war, Europe and Asia in ruins Tens of millions dead; heaviest losses in Eastern Europe Germany, Japan, and China had also suffered greatly Physical devastation; cities, villages, and farms destroyed National economies near collapse Millions uprooted former prisoners of war, survivors of concentration camps, refugees of fighting and of national border changes

Planning for the Future July 1941 • Allied leaders planned for years for the of war • Churchill and Roosevelt met to discuss even before U. S. entered war Atlantic Charter • Joint declaration of Churchill and Roosevelt • Outlined purpose of war Tehran Conference • December 1943 • Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin • Sought no territorial gains • Agreed on schedule for D-Day invasion • All nations could choose their own government • Would work together in peace after the war • Work for mutual prosperity

Yalta Conference • Held in Soviet territory in early 1945; Allies on brink of military victory • Primary goal to reach agreement on postwar Europe • Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed on plans for Germany • Stalin got his way with Polish territory, made promises United Nations • Roosevelt got Stalin to agree to join fight against Japan once war in Europe over • USSR would join new world organization—United Nations • Meant to encourage international cooperation and prevent war • June 1945 charter signed with five major Allies as Security Council

Potsdam Conference July 1945 Three sides • Small German city location for Potsdam Conference • Soviet Union, Britain, and United States • Growing ill will between Soviet Union and other Allies • Discussed many issues but had difficulty reaching agreement Closing months • American and British leaders worried about Stalin’s intentions • Concerned about spread of communism, growth of Soviet influence Stalin • Soon broke his promises • Did not respect democracies in Eastern Europe • Another struggle beginning

Summarize What major decisions did Allied leaders make at Yalta and Potsdam? Answer(s): At Yalta, Allied leaders agreed on what to do with postwar Europe. Roosevelt persuaded Stalin to join the fight against Japan and to join the United Nations. At Potsdam, the three sides discussed many issues concerning postwar Europe, but often had difficulty reaching agreement.

The Pacific War • Dates: July 7, 1937 - August 14, 1945 • Began with the Second Sino-Japanese war, between China and Japan • Concluded with Japan’s surrender to the Allied powers

Prelude to War • Japan seeks to establish “The Greater East Asia Co. Prosperity Sphere” – “a bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of Western powers” – Invasions of Manchuria and Korea follow • Three political forces in Japan: – Emperor Hirohito – Civilian Government – Military branches • The army informs the civilian gov’t of the Manchuria campaign two months after it begins.

Fleet Admiral Yamamoto “The US fleet is a dagger pointed at our throat and must be destroyed. ” “I can run wild for six months, after that, I have no expectation of success. ” - Yamamoto, during discussions on the planned Pearl Harbour Attack Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

The Attack

Aftermath "Being saturated and satiated with emotion and sensation, I went to bed and slept the sleep of the saved and thankful. ” - Winston Churchill

1941

1942

Bataan Death March April 1942 – 12, 000 Americans walked 60 miles to a POW camp – No food or water – 5, 000 died

The Battle of Midway • The first major carrier vs. carrier engagement • Decided by cryptanalysis, tactics, radar, pilot skill, weather, and luck.

The Battle of Midway • Scouts from the US fleet find the Japanese Fleet first • A delayed scout means the Japanese fleet receives a warning of US carriers only minutes before the first US planes attack • After losing many planes in ineffective strikes, US dive bombers manage to set three Japanese carriers on fire. • A Japanese counterstrike does heavy damage to one US carrier

1943 -1944

Island-Hopping Warfare American Troops assaulting Iwo Jima

1944 -1945

Hiroshima - 90, 000 to 100, 000 persons were killed immediately - 145, 000 persons perish from the bombing by the end of 1945. Nagasaki Leveled Area: 6. 7 million square meters Damaged Houses: 18, 409 Casualties Killed------73, 884 Injured-----74, 909 Total------148, 793 (Large numbers of people died in the following years from the effects of radioactive poisoning. )

Nuclear Strikes Aug 6, 1945. Uranium bomb “Little Boy” dropped on Hiroshima, killing 140, 000 Aug 9, 1945. Plutonium bomb “Fat Man” dropped on Nagasaki, killing 74, 000

Japan Surrenders Representatives of Japan’s Foreign Ministry, Army and Navy appear to sign the surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay

Sources http: //www. google. com/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1 6&ved=0 ah. UKEwimuaruvb. HLAh. UFtho. KHT 8 Bt. U 4 Ch. AWCDYw. BQ&url=http%3 A%2 F%2 Fwww. apsva. us%2 Fcms% 2 Flib 2%2 FVA 01000586%2 FCentricity%2 FDomain%2 F 2696%2 FWWII. 1. ppt&usg=AFQj. CNE 0 a. NJYzy. AZx. NRv 6 p_c-RTKrt. P 3 g. Q https: //www. google. com/? gws_rd=ssl#q=end+of+world+war+2+powerp oint&start=20 http: //www. google. com/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3 &ved=0 ah. UKEwi_1 Krhw 7 HLAh. VH 2 Bo. KHQAZB 2 YQFggp. MAI&url= http%3 A%2 F%2 Fwww. pburgsd. net%2 Fcms%2 Flib 04%2 FNJ 01001118 %2 FCentricity%2 FDomain%2 F 179%2 Fch 28_sec 4. ppt&usg=AFQj. CNG XI 4 ckz 1 f. Zlyofj. Ou. NLjwo. El 4 n. WQ 116