World War II Mobilizing for Defense
Quick-Write If you were FDR’s advisor, what 5 things would you recommend that the United States do to prepare for war?
Selective Service and The GI p After Pearl Harbor 5 million young American’s volunteer for the military. n p Did 8 weeks basic training. Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps n n Created by George Marshall- Army Chief of Staff Women serve as: p p p Nurses ambulance drivers radio operators, etc.
The Industrial Response Across the US, factories were quickly converted to war production. p Shipyards, and defense plants expand. p With a new sense of patriotism people worked at record speeds. p
A. Phillip Randolph
Wartime Labor p 18 million workers in war industries n p Minorities face strong discrimination in war industries. n p 6 mill. of those are women Given menial jobs, janitors, etc. A. Phillip Randolph- organized a march on D. C. demanding equal rights in war industries n Meets personally with FDR who orders equal opportunities for minorities in defense jobs
Economic Controls p War Production Board, WPB n n p Decided which companies would convert to wartime production. Allocates raw materials to businesses. Rationing n Fixed amounts of goods people could purchase.
World War II The War in Europe and North Africa
The Battle of the Atlantic Allies adopt a Europe first policy. p Hitler orders U-boat “wolf packs” to destroy all British supply ships p Convoy System p n Ally ships travel across Atlantic in groups protected by US Navy destroyers
North African & Italian Campaign English believed that the Mediterranean was a “soft underbelly” of Hitler’s empire p Operation Torch p n p Allied forces were able to push the Nazis out of Africa and attempted to capture Italy. Hitler was determined to keep Italy under his control. n Allies were not able to capture Italy.
D-Day p p Dwight D. Eisenhower directs the Allied invasion of Normandy, France D-Day- June 6, 1944 n Allied soldiers suffer huge damages, but are able to secure positions in Northern France
Eisenhower Message to Soldiers “You are about to embark upon the Great Crusade, toward which we have striven these many months. The eyes of the world are upon you. The hopes and prayers of liberty-loving people everywhere march with you. ” Dwight D. Eisenhower, June 5, 1944
Allies Gain Ground Within a month of D-Day, Allies get one million troops into France p In August 1944, Paris is liberated p Battle of the Bulge p n n n Hitler’s last ditch effort to fight the Allies in the West Germans are able to push the Allies back but suffer tremendous losses After the battle, the Nazis could only retreat
Unconditional Surrender p In April 1945, Soviet army captures Berlin n p On May 8, 1945 Eisenhower accepts the unconditional surrender of Germany n p April 30 th Hitler commits suicide V-E Day- “Victory in Europe” Roosevelt did not live to see V-E Day he died April 12, 1945 n Vice President Harry S. Truman became President for the remainder of the war.
World War II The War in the Pacific
The Battle of Midway p After Pearl Harbor the Japanese are able to score major victories n Japanese take over the Philippines March 1942 Americans broke the Japanese code and knew that Midway was their next target. p Planes from US aircraft carriers surprised the Japanese fleet p n 4 Japanese carriers sunk
The Allied Offensive After Midway the US has a strategy of “island hopping” p Desperate, the Japanese use kamikaze attacks on American ships p
Two Major Battles p Iwo Jima n Critical island, US could use it to bomb mainland Japan p Of 20, 700 Japanese troops, only 200 survived Allowed the US to increase bombing on mainland Japan Okinawa n Bloodiest battle of the Pacific p n n 1, 900 kamikaze attacks 110, 000 Japanese killed including many civilians Gave the US a preview of what an invasion of Japan would cost
The Manhattan Project
The Manhattan Project p A Gov’t financed project to create the atomic bomb n p US spent mass amounts of money and material to create the bomb n p Led by J. Robert Oppenheimer First bomb tested on July 16, 1945 in desert of New Mexico Truman had to choose: atomic bomb, or costly American invasion
Hiroshima and Nagasaki p August 6, 1945 atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima n p Three days later second bomb dropped on Nagasaki n p Japan does not surrender At least 200, 000 people killed from both bombs Five days later; August 14, 1945 Japan surrenders
World War II The Home Front
Opportunity and Adjustment During WWII unemployment drops to 1. 2% p Farmers prosper from raising crop prices. p There is a mass migration to cities with defense industries. p n Especially to California.
Social Adjustments Marriage rates skyrocketed before and after WWII. p GI Bill of Rights p n n n Pays veterans education Gives loans to buy new homes Allows millions of veterans to attend college.
Executive Order 9066 p FDR ordered the removal of Japanese from 4 West Coast states. n p 110, 000 Japanese Americans sent to “relocation camps. ” n p Said it was for national security. 2/3 were Nisei-born in the US NO evidence of spying was ever found on behalf of the Japanese Americans.
Summary Describe the American experience during World War II. What was it like for soldiers? What was the War like for those Americans not fighting overseas?
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