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3502111088ba90a061d07c0a361121c6.ppt
- Количество слайдов: 39
World War II and the Cold War Dictators and War Mobilizing for War Roots of the Cold War The Cold War Expands
20 th Century Dictators
Dictators and Wars n Treaty of Versailles from WWI caused anger/resentment among nations n Three dictators use totalitarian gov’ts to rise to power n Joseph Stalin: Russia n Communist State n 5 year plan-collectives n Est. complete control of citizens lives- totalitarian gov’t n Benito Mussolini: Italy n Created Fascist Party- Extreme Nationalism
Dictators and War Adolf Hitler: Germany n n n Joined NAZI party when young Mein Kampf- Nazism Purity Race- Aryans anti-semitic Unite German speaking people Third Reich- political regime Japanese militarists control gov’t
Dictators and War in Europe n Hitler acquires Austria and Czech into the Reich Anschluss n GB uses appeasement with Hitler- let him get his way to avoid war n Stalin signs non-agression pact with Hitler as Germany launches blitzkrieg in Poland ridding Poland of Jews n France falls to Axis Powers when the Maginot Line is broken n Allies finally join Battle of Britain: G. bombs GB day/night for 2 mo.
Dictators and War America and War n At first US adopts and isolationist policy FDR signs the Neutrality Act- allowing trade between US and Europe n Quarantine Speech: Peaceful states urge aggressive states to isolate themselves n FDR uses “cash and carry”- allowed warring nations to buy US materials if they used cash and carried them on their own ships
Dictators and War America in the War Continued… n Congress passes “peacetime draft”, boosts defense spending n “Great Arsenal of Democracy”- FDR convinces nations that we must help Allied powers against the Axis powers n Lend Lease Act- GB, SU give any kind of aid to Allies n Churchill (GB) and FDR secretly meet to plan war. Atlantic Charter
Dictators and War Japan Attacks n Japan invades China and wants to acquire as much land as possible n December 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor n FDR knew Japan was planning an attacktwo front war
Mobilizing for War Mobilizing n Women serve in noncombat roles WAC (Women Army Corps) n Lend-Lease Act begins, War Production Board manages peacetime to wartime industry start rationing n Office of Price Administrations: freeze prices on goods to fight inflation
Mobilizing for War in the Pacific n Japanese on defense after Pearl Harbor Gen. Douglas Mc. Arthur in command of Pacific theater n At first, J. forces advance against US in Philippines and Southeast Asia n 1941 - US turns the tide Doolittle’s Raid, Battle of Coral Sea n Battle of Midway- turning point in Pacific War- Island Hopping n Japanese launch first kamikaze strikes to break Allied lines n Iwo Jima: Crucial Island for US base- heavy losses
Mobilizing for War The War for Europe and North Africa n FDR, Churchill, Stalin agree Pacific war is second to European fight against Hitler n Germany uses U-Boats to sink all ships in Atlantic Convoy system n 1943 - Germany slowly presses in on Stalingrad (SU) n SU army wins- major turning point in fighting on land n Allies invade Italy and N. Africa in an attempt to spread Hitler’s army thin
Mobilizing for War D-Day n D-Day: Allies land in France, a month later, they control Paris n Battle of the Bulge: German make last attempt to cross Allied lines liberate death camps n Hitler commits suicide and G surrenders VE Day: May 8, 1945 n FDR died of a stroke a month before- Harry S. Truman (VP) takes over
Mobilizing for War The Atomic Bomb- Manhattan Project n US considered invading Japan, like on D-Day- too risky n US warns Japan prior to dropping bomb n Hiroshima/Nagasaki: August 6 & 9, 1945 - Japan surrenders
Mobilizing for War Effects of the War n The Holocaust n Yalta Conference: Feb. 1945: FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet n Discuss post war plans. Stalin favors harshness towards G; FDR, C. disagree n Poland, Bulgaria, Romania would have free elections (Stalin reneged)
Mobilizing for War n Potsdam Conference: July 1945: Truman, Atlee, Stalin n n Divide G. into 4 zones Free elections in Poland Stalin joins war against Japan United Nations is formed, Nuremberg Trials try war criminals
Roots of the Cold War n Soviet Union vs. US (Communism vs. Democracy) n Stalin had made promises at Yalta and Potsdam to allow democratic, free elections in Poland, Bulgaria, etc n Stalin backed out of promises-created satellite states of these nations n Stalin disagrees w/ dem. , while Truman does not believe in commie n Democratic Western Europe vs. Communist East Europe n Churchill calls the division the “iron curtain” n Stand-off lasts 46 years, but never became a “hot” war militarily
Roots of the Cold War The Cold War Begins n US starts aiding Greece and Turkey (SU influence there) n Truman Doctrine: stop aid nations struggling against communist movement n US policy is to “contain” Soviet communist expansion
Roots of the Cold War The Cold War Continues… n US provides support to any Western European nation that needed it- Marshall Plan n GB, Fr. US unify their zones in G. ; but Berlin is surrounded by SU zone n SU cuts off rail/road travel to West Berlin (Berlin Blockade)US starts Berlin Airlift n W. Europe and US join together against Communism- NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization n NATO members pledge military support to each other Warsaw Pact is SU rival organization
Roots of the Cold War The Cold War heats Up n Civil war in China Chiang Kai-Shek (nationalist leader) vs. Mao Zedong (communist) n Chiang gov’t corrupt and ineffective, Mao takes over China commie
Roots of the Cold War The Korean War n Korea divided NK- Commie vs. SK- Dem (38 th parallel) n 1950 - NK attacks SK- Soviet Union backs NK n NK troops seem unstoppable, Gen. Mac. Arthur launches counterattack n China feels threatened by US- China attacks US/UN forces n Mac. Arthur suggests attacking China- Truman says no n Truman fires Mac. Arthur for insubordination n Stalemate 1951 -1953 n 1953 - ceasefire at 38 th parallel; demilitarized zones b/t sides
The Cold War Expands n 1949: SU detonates atomic bomb, China falls to commie shocks US n 1952: US tests first HBomb US/SU race to out build arms n Dwight D. Eisenhower elected in 1952 - favors strengthening nuke arms n John Foster Dulles- Sec. of State believes in brinkmanship: go to edge of war
The Cold War Expands n n n Stalin dies 1953 - Nikita Khrushchev takes over- believes Commie can work and happen peacefully Anti- commie rebellions in Czech. and Hungary rock surrounding nations US starts covert actions (CIA) to stop spread of Communism
The Cold War Expands n n n Suez Canal trouble. Egyptian leaders playing US and SU against each other for more money to build a dam along Nile River Canal used by many nations for travel GB/France use force to gain canal- US outraged Eisenhower Doctrine: US would defend the ME from communist attacks
Space Race: SU launches Sputnik in 1957; Congress creates NASA
The Cold War Expands The Cold War At Home n Cold War creates “us vs. them” attitude Red Scare re-emerges n Red Scare deeper than in 20 s gov’t creates Loyalty Review Bd: kick out gov’t workers who were “soft” on commies n House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC): investigated communist activities in and out of white house n Attack movie industry- Hollywood Ten: ten witnesses called to trial who plead the fifth
The Cold War Expands Spys in the US n Alger Hiss: spying for SU- never prosecuted, later found to be true n The Rosenbergs: helped leak A-Bomb secrets to SU sentenced to death
The Cold War Expands Mc. Carthyism n Sen. Joe Mc. Carthy (Wisconsin) accused US state dept. of being infested with commies n Made constant threats to suspected communistsnever produced a single name n Made slanderous comments about US army downfall