WORLD WAR I REFRESHER AND REVIEW MAIN

WORLD WAR I REFRESHER AND REVIEW

MAIN CAUSES OF WWI M – MILITARISIM • BUILD UP OF ARMS (WEAPONS, TANKS, SOLDIERS) IN ANTICIPATION OF BATTLE. • INCREASE SUPPORT AND POPULARITY OF MILITARY. • EFFECT OF COUNTRY’S QUEST FOR POWER STATISTICS: • BY 1914, MILITARY SPENDING INCREASED BY 300%. • GERMANY TRIPLED ITS SPENDING ON WARSHIPS MAKING IT THE 2 ND STRONGEST NAVY. • BRITAIN INCREASED ITS NAVAL SPENDING.

M – MILITARISIM • RUSSIA DOUBLED THE SPENDING ON ITS ARMY BY 1914. • FRANCE EXTENDED THE TIME OF MILITARY SERVICE FROM 2 TO 3 YEARS. LED TO AN INCREASE IN THE SIZE OF THE ARMY. HOW DID IT LEAD TO WAR? • INCREASED FEAR, PARANOIA, AND DISTRUST. • PRODUCED A SENSE OF COMPETITION FOR WEAPONS AND WARSHIPS.

MAIN CAUSES OF WWI A – ALLIANCES • FORMAL OR INFORMAL PACT IN WHICH NATIONS AGREE TO DEFEND EACH OTHER IN TIME OF WAR. • ALLAINCES DISRUPTED THE BALANCE OF POWER IN EUROPE. THE BIG TWO • TRIPLE ALLIANCE – GERMANY, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, AND ITALY AT THE BEGINNING OF WWI. • TRIPLE ENTENTE – FRANCE, RUSSIA, G. B. , AND THE U. S. LATER ON IN THE WAR.

A – ALLIANCES HOW DID IT LEAD TO WAR? • LED TO AN INCREASE IN PARANOIA AND DISTRUST AMONG NATIONS. • ALLIANCES HAD THE POWER TO TRAP MEMBERS IN AN UNWANTED WAR

MAIN CAUSES OF WWI I – IMPERIALISM • WHEN A STRONGER NATION DOMINATES A WEAKER ONE, SOCIALLY, POLITICALLY AND ECONOMICALLY. • RISE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION LED TO AN INCREASE IN COLONIES. • NEED FOR CHEAPER RAW MATERIALS AND MORE MARKETS TO SELL GOODS. • EUROPEANS USED THEIR SUPERIOR TECHONOLOGY TO DOMINATE AFRICA, ASIA, AND AREAS OF SOUTH PACIFIC.

I – IMPERIALISM THE POWEDER KEG – THE BALKANS • AREA IN EUROPE THAT HELD SEVERAL COUNTRIES IMPERIALIST INTERESTS • ONCE UNDER THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE CONTROL, IT WAS CONNECTED TO SERBIA, AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, AND RUSSIA. HOW DID IT LEAD TO WAR? • EUROPEAN COMPETITON FOR COLONIES • UPSET BALANCE OF POWER BECAUSE SOME COUNTRIES HAD MORE COLONIES THAN OTHERS. • BALKANS WAS FOCAL POINT OF 4 NATIONS.

MAIN CAUSES OF WWI N-NATIONALISM • OFTEN DEFINED AS PATRIOTISM OR PRIDE IN ONE’S COUNTRY. • PEOPLE WANTED THE BEST FOR THEIR NATION. MOTIVES • FRANCE WAS LOOKING TO AVENGE THEIR LOSS TO GERMANY FROM PREVIOUS BATTLES • GERMANY WAS TRYING TO PROVE IT BELONGED. • SERBIA, RUSSIA, AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY WERE LOOKING TO UNIFY AND STRENGTHEN THEIR EMPIRES.

N-NATIONALISM POSTIVE IMPACT – PEOPLE WITH COMMON LANGUAGE, HISTORY, ETHNICITY, AND RELIGION BANDED TOGETHER NEGATIVE IMPACT – A FORCE THAT PROMPTS VIOLENCE TO CREATE REVOLUTIONS AND WARS OF PRIDE. HOW DID IT LEAD TO WAR? • LED TO MILITARISM, IMPERIALISM, AND ALLIANCES • COMPETITION FOR COLONIES AND BUILD UP OF ARMIES.

START OF CONFLICT THE ASSASSINATION • ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND HIS WIFE WERE ASSASSINATED BY GAVRILO PRINCIP. • PRINCIP WAS A YOUNG MEMBER OF THE BLACK HAND – A SERBIAN TERRORIST ORGANIZATION. • AUSTRIA WANTED TO MAKE SERBIA PAY AND USE THIS AS AN EXCUSE TO MOVE MILITARY INTO THE BALKANS. • AUSTRIA ISSUED AN ULTIMATIUM WHICH SERBIA AGREED TO ALL OF THE DEMANDS EXCEPT THE INVESTIGATION OF THE ASSASSINATION.

START OF CONFLICT • AUSTRIA DECLARED ON SERBIA • RUSSIA MOBILIZED B/C OF AN ALLIANCE WITH SERBIA. • GERMANY FELT THREATENED AND DECLARED WAR ON RUSSIA AND FRANCE. • BRITAIN DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY TO PROTECT BELGIUM.

WESTERN AND EASTERN FRONT SCHLIEFFEN PLAN • GERMANY HAD ENEMIES ON BOTH THE EAST AND WEST SIDES OF TEHIR COUNTRY. • RUSSIA TO THE EAST, AND FRANCE AND BRITAIN TO WEST. • CRUSH THE FRENCH FIRST, THEN MOVE EAST TO DEAL WITH RUSSIA WESTERN FRONT • FRONT – TWO OPPOSING ARMIES MEET ON A BATTLEFIELD. • THE WESTERN FRONT DEVELOPED IN WESTERN EUROPE WHERE GERMAN TROOPS FOUGHT AGAINST THE ALLIES EXTENDED FROM BELGIUM THROUGH FRANCE TO SWITZERLAND.

WESTERN AND EASTERN FRONT • STRETCHED FROM BALTIC TO BLACK SEAS AND FOUGHT PRIMARILY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. • GERMANS BELIEVED RUSSIA WOULD BE MORE DIFFICULT TO DEFEAT BECAUSE OF THEIR MASSIVE SIZE • TRENCH WARFARE WAS MORE POPULAR ON THE EASTERN FRONT. RUSSIA STOPS FIGHTING • DUE TO A POORLY LED ARMY AND TERRIBLE CONDITIONS IN RUSSIA, SEVERAL REVOLUTIONS OCCURRED DURING THE WAR. • THE CZAR RESIGNED AND RUSSIA SIGNED A PEACE TREATY WITH GERMANY IN 1918.

PROPAGANDA – SPREADING OF IDEAS OR BELIEFS TO FURTHER A PARTICULAR CAUSE OR DAMAGE AN OPPOSING CAUSE. (FORM OF POSTERS) SIX TECHNIQUES 1. BUY VICTORY BONDS – ENCOURAGE PUBLIC FINANCIAL SUPPORT 2. SAVE/CONSERVE FOOD – RATION OR NOT WASTER FOOD. 3. KEEP MOUTH SHUT – PEOPLE WERE URGED NOT TO TALK OPENLY ABOUT THE WAR EFFORT IN CASE OF ENEMY SPIES.

PROPAGANDA • JOINING THE ARMY – YOUNG MEN WERE ENCOURAGED TO SIGN-UP FOR THE ARMY • DEMONIZING THE ENEMY – IMAGES USED TO SHOW THE ENEMEY AS RUTHLESS AND STRIKE FEAR • WOMEN AND THE WAR EFFORT – WOMEN WERE ENCOURAGED TO HELP THE WAR EFFORT BY TAKING ON JOBS TRADITIONALLY PERFORMED BY MEN SUCH AS WORKING IN FACTORIES AND ON FARMS.

WWI TECHNOLOGY • DUE TO THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION – A RISE IN INVENTIONS RELATED TO WAR. • NEW INVENTIONS IN WEAPONS LED TO AN INCREASE IN CIVILIAN CASULATIES AS WELL. WWI TECHNOLOGY • AIRPLANES – USED IN AERIAL ATTACKS – NOT EFFECTIVE DUE TO LIMIT OF PEOPLE AND WEAPONS IT COULD HOLD. • ARTILLERY – EFFECTIVE IN FIGHTING TRENCH WARFARE, GUNS USED TO LOB BOMBS OVER TO ENEMY LINES.

WWI TECHNOLOGY • MACHINE GUNS – FIRED BULLETS RAPIDLY AT SOLDIERS. COMBINED TO CREATE MOST CASUALTIES OF THE WAR. • POISON GAS – CHLORINE AND MUSTARD, WOULD AFFECT THE SKIN TISSUE, INTERAL ORGANS, AND BURN YOUR LUNGES. • SUBMARINES – IDENTIFIED AS U-BOATS AND FIRST POPULARIZED BY THE GERMANS. UNDERWATER AND UNDETECED. • TANKS – FIRST USED BY THE BRITISH HOWEVER NOT AS EFFECTIVE BECAUSE THEY WOULD BREAK DOWN OR GET STUCK. • ZEPPELINS – (BLIMPS) USED BY GERMANS FOR DROPPING BOMBS IN BRITAIN AND GATHER INTEL.

WWI TECHNOLOGY • TRENCH WARFARE – IN RESPONSE TO MACHINE GUNS. – 7 FEET DEEP AND 6 FEET WIDE – BARBED WIRE WAS PLACED AT THE TOP OF THE TRENCHES – AREA BETWEEN ENEMY TRENCHES WAS KNOWN AS “NO MAN’S LAND”. – DEAD SOLDIERS WERE TOO RISKY TO MOVE. LED TO RATS FEEDING ON THEM ESPECIALLY THEIR EYES AND LIVERS. – PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT WAS SEVERE AND LED TO DRINKING.

END OF WARFARE • WAR HAD RAGED ON FOR THREE YEARS BEFORE THE U. S. ENTERED. -THE U. S. TOOK ON A POLICY OF ISOLATION. -GERMANY RESTRICTED NAVAL SHIPS FROM THEIR TERRITORIES WHICH LED TO SINKING OF THE PASSENGER SHIP LUSITANIA. -AFTER THIS, THE U. S. APPROVED BANKS TO BEGIN LOANING MONEY TO THE ALLIES. EVENTUALLY MILITARY SUPPLIES AS WELL. -HOWEVER, THE ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM PROMPTED THE U. S. TO DECLARE WAR AND JOIN THE ALLIES. -ZT- GERMANY ATTEMPTED TO ENTICE MEXICO TO ENTER THE WAR BY PROMISING THEM LAND IN THE U. S. SOUTHWEST.

END OF WARFARE THE ARMISTICE (CEASE-FIRE) • NOVEMBER 1918, GERMANS STAGED A REVOLUTION AND THE KAISER RESIGNED. • THEY SET UP A REPUBLIC HOPING TO APPEASE THE ALLIES. • NOVEMBER 11, 1918, SIGNED AN ARMISTICE. • KEEP IN MIND – GERMANY WAS NEVER INVADED AND NEVER ACTUALLY LOST. (HITLER)

END OF WARFARE WILSON’S 14 POINTS • OUTLINED TO CONGRESS HIS VISION FOR POSTWAR EUROPE (WILSON’S 14 POINTS). KEY POINTS 1. NO MORE SECRET TREATIES 2. REDUCTION OF WEAPONS AND ARMED FORCES 3. NATIONAL SELF DETERMINATION – ALLOW PEOPLE OF SAME NATIONALITY TO GOVERN THEMSELVES. 4. ESTABLISHMENT OF AN INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE OF NATIONS (ALL COUNTRIES MUST JOIN)

END OF WARFARE TREATY OF VERSAILLES – FORMAL PEACE TREATY TO END THE WAR. • THE BIG THREE (FRANCE, BRITAIN, AND U. S. A. ) • TREATY DID NOT RESEMBLE WILSON’S 14 POINTS. • FRANCE WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY SEVERELY • BRITAIN WANTED TO PUNISH GERMANY, NOT AS SEVERE SO THEY WOULDN’T RESORT TO COMMUNISM. • SET NEW TERRITORIAL BOUNDARIES. • FORCED GERMANY TO PAY REPARATIONS (WAR DAMAGES) (FRANCE AND BELGIUM)

END OF WARFARE • LIMITED GERMAN ARMED FORCES (NO AIR FORCE, SMALL ARMY AND NAVY) • ARTICLE 231 – WAR GUILT CLAUSE – REQUIRED GERMANY TO ACCEPT FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE WAR. • LEAGUE OF NATIONS WAS CREATED. • GERMAN ANGER AND RESENTMENT WOULD BUILD FOR MANY YEARS POST WWI LEADING TO THE RISE OF THE NAZI PARTY LED BY ADOLPH HITLER.

KEY PEOPLE DAVID LLOYD GEORGE – BRITISH PRIME MINISTER DURING WWI OVERSEEING WAR EFFORT. WORRIED THAT PUNISHING GERMAN TOO HARSHLY WOULD LEAD THEM TO ADOPTING COMMUNISM IDEAS. GEORGES CLEMENCEAU – FRENCH MINISTER OF WAR DURING WWI WHO OVERSAW THE WAR EFFORT & LEAD NEGOTIATIONS FOR THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES. WOODROW WILSON – U. S. PRESIDENT DURING WWI, INITIALLY BELIEVED IN ISOLATIONISM. DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY & ITS ALLIES FOR THE PEACE OF DEMOCRACY.

SIR HIRAM STEVENS MAXIM – AMERICAN BORN BRITISH WHO INVENTED THE MAXIM MACHINE GUN, USED DURING WWI LEADING MILLIONS OF CASULATIES. KAISER WILHEM II – GERMAN KAISER (EMPEROR) WHO RULED GERMANY DURING WWI UNTIL 1918. HE WAS LATER ABDICATED DURING THE GERMAN REVOLUTION AND WAS EXILED IN THE NETHERLANDS UNTIL HIS DEATH. ALFRED VON SCHLIEFFEN - GERMAN CHIEF OF WAR WHO DEVELOPED THE SCHLIEFFEN PLAN, GERMANY’S INITIAL WWI STRATEGY. ARCHDUKE FRANZ FERDINAND – HEIR TO THE AUSTRIAN THRONE , WAS ASSASSINATED ALONG WITH HIS WIFE. THIS INCIDENT IS CONSIDERED A CAUSE OF WWI.

GAVRILO PRINCIP – SERBIAN TERRORIST AND MEMBER OF THE BLACK HAND RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ASSASSINATION OF THE ARCHDUKE TSAR NICHOLAS II – RUSSIAN MONARCH WHO WAS FORCED TO ABDICATE DURING WWI ENDING HIS FAMILY’S RULE OF OVER 300 YEARS. VLADIMIR LENIN – LEADER OF THE RUSSIAN BOLSHEVIKS WHO WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTROLLING RUSSIA AFTER THE FALL OF TSAR NICHOLAS II.

FINAL STATISTICS & EFFECTS 6 CONTINENTS INVOLVED AND 60 COUNTRIES 8. 5 MILLION DEATHS AND 21 MILLION WOUNDED GERMANY WITH MOST – 2 MILLION SOLDIERS KILLED BELGIUM WITH THE LEAST – 50, 000 SOLDIERS KILLED. SEVERAL COUNTRIES ADOPTED DEMOCRACY SEVERAL EMPIRES WERE ABOLISHED GERMAN RESENTMENT WOULD PAVE THE WAY FOR WWII • FRANCE AND BELGIUM WERE AFFECTED THE MOST IN RELATION TO THE DESTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS AND TOWNS. • •