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‘World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time’ a function of Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level ‘World Source Rock Potential Through Geological Time’ a function of Basin Restriction, Nutrient Level , Sedimentation Rate & Sea-level Rise CHRISTOPHER G. ST. C. KENDALL 1, JEFFREY CHIARENZELLI 2, & HASSAN S. HASSAN 1 1 -University of S. Carolina 2 -St. Lawrence University Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Acknowledgments We extend our thanks & appreciation to: • University of South Carolina St. Acknowledgments We extend our thanks & appreciation to: • University of South Carolina St. Lawrence University for making the study reported in this presentation possible Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Summary & Outline Restricted Basin Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Summary & Outline Restricted Basin Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Marine Rocks Transgression Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Plate Climate Super-plumes (Nutrients) Extension, (Rain Shadow) Basin Phase (extension, Convergence Low Sediment compression, or barred) or Barred Middle East North Africa Super Precambrian Continents Plume Summary & Conclusions Nutrient Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

World's Source Rocks & Reservoirs World wide stratigraphic distribution of major source rocks 20% World's Source Rocks & Reservoirs World wide stratigraphic distribution of major source rocks 20% 30% Miocene Oligocene Late Tertiary 12. 5% Eocene Paleocene Cretaceous U Cretaceous- L Tertiary 2. 8% Aptian-Turonian 29% Jurassic L Cretaceous 2. 6% Upper Jurassic 25% Triassic M Jurassic to U Permian 1. 2 % Era Carboniferous Devonian U Devonian-L Miss. 8% L-M Devonian 0. 3 % Silurian 9% Silurian Ordovician Cambrian PRECAM BRIAN U Proterozoic 10% 20% Quaternary Pliocene 30% 22. 3% Miocene Oligocene Eocene Paleocene 20. 5% Cretaceous 7. 6% 14. 2% Jurassic 10 % Triassic Permian Penn. -L Permian 8% M-U Miss. 0. 4% Cambro-Ordovician 1 % U Proterozoic 0. 2 % PALEOZOIC Permian Period Tertiary CENOZOIC MESOZOIC 10% Quaternary Pliocene MESOZOIC CENOZOIC Period Era Stratigraphic distribution of the major reservoir rocks world wide 11% Devonian Silurian Ordovician Cambrian Oil Gas Carboniferous PRECAM BRIAN U Proterozoic (Modified from Ulmashek and Klemme, 1990) Klemme, 1990 Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Basin Restriction & Anoxia Enable higher concentrations organic carbon: Allocthonous Autothonous Preserved in: Black Basin Restriction & Anoxia Enable higher concentrations organic carbon: Allocthonous Autothonous Preserved in: Black (Anoxic) Shale (Anoxic) Carbonates (Kendall Photo) Devonian Ohio Shale I 64 Kty Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Climate and Source Rock Potential Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Climate and Source Rock Potential Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic & Tertiary Source Rocks Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - Transgressive Beat To Mesozoic & Tertiary Source Rocks Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Super-plume Forcing of Organic production Very fast Seafloor spreading Enhanced organic production of oceans Super-plume Forcing of Organic production Very fast Seafloor spreading Enhanced organic production of oceans from massive amounts of CO 2 from oceanic lava flows Produce oceanic anoxic events (OAEs) & supergreenhouse events in Mesozoic Organic matter preserved by anoxia on sea floor with accumulation of organic rich sediments Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Phanerozoic! Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Plumes : A Nutrient Beat! Phanerozoic! Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Super Plumes & Time (Abbot & Isley 2002)

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

iso restricted lat Up - Mesozoic of Northern Atlantic be. Break entrances lt o iso restricted lat Up - Mesozoic of Northern Atlantic be. Break entrances lt o ed lin dra f inte ear to sea ina rior ge regional drainage away SWEET SPOT! from margin juxtaposed source, seal & reservoir arid tropics air system wide envelope of surrounding continents Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Examples of Organic rich rocks at Break Up Margins Mesozoic of Northern Gulf of Examples of Organic rich rocks at Break Up Margins Mesozoic of Northern Gulf of Mexico Mesozoic of North & South Atlantic margins Mesozoic of Yemen rift belt Mesozoic & Tertiary of Eritrea East African Rift Dead Sea Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Collision Margin Restricted Basin regional drainage into basin isolated linear belt of interior drainage Collision Margin Restricted Basin regional drainage into basin isolated linear belt of interior drainage restricted entrance to sea SWEET SPOT! arid tropics air system juxtaposed source seal & reservoir wide envelope of surrounding continents Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Examples of Organic rich rocks at Collision Margins Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Examples of Organic rich rocks at Collision Margins Current Arabian Gulf & underlying Late Mesozoic to Tertiary Silurian of Michigan Basin & Western New York State Devonian of Western Canada & NW USA Permian of New Mexico & West Texas Permian of Zechstein Basin Mesozoic to Tertiary of southern South America Tertiary of Mediterranean Mesozoic & Tertiary in final phases of Tethys Sea Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Restricted Basin Settings Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Restricted Basin Settings Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Example of Barred Basin Mesozoic - Arabian Gulf restricted entrance to sea Upper Jurassic Example of Barred Basin Mesozoic - Arabian Gulf restricted entrance to sea Upper Jurassic Saudi Arabia Kuwait, Iran & UAE juxtaposed source seal & reservoir SWEET SPOT! structural & depositional barrier over Hercynian horst blocks arid tropical air system wide shadow from adjacent continents Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

y y arr a rrttii Te Te us us eo eo ac ac ett y y arr a rrttii Te Te us us eo eo ac ac ett e Cr Cr c c sii ss as ra ur JJu { { Location of Oil & Gas Fields of Arabian Gulf Reservoirs are Younger to East zoic o ale P Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Most are carbonate plays beneath evaporite seals in restricted basins juxtaposing source, seal and reservoirs

Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Sou th A rab ian Bas Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Sou th A rab ian Bas in Restricted Basins Isolated by Build Up Barriers Organic Rich ian Basin Arab Fill Arabian Gulf Jurassic Gotn ia Ba sin After Fox & Albrandt, 2002

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

North African Source Rocks Regional Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) Petroleum Source in argillaceous limestones of North African Source Rocks Regional Upper Cretaceous (Senonian) Petroleum Source in argillaceous limestones of North Africa Lower Paleozoic of North Africa proven and prolific plays eg: Tanezzuft Shale of Libya Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Two major source rocks distribution around Mediterranean Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Two major source rocks distribution around Mediterranean Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Modified from varies sources

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Precambrian Oil? Precambrian play of North Africa “is still immature & deserves more investigation” Precambrian Oil? Precambrian play of North Africa “is still immature & deserves more investigation” quote from Jonathon Craig - ENI Large autochthonous accumulations of organic matter rare in Precambrian rocks Occurs in Paleoproterozoic sedimentary rocks as coal-like material Derived from Precambrian oil? Potential matches younger oil plays? Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

World Neoproterozoic Petroleum Systems Volga Ural Province USA Nonesuch Michigan Potwar Basin Lena-Tunguske Province, World Neoproterozoic Petroleum Systems Volga Ural Province USA Nonesuch Michigan Potwar Basin Lena-Tunguske Province, Siberia Murzuq Basin SW Libya Tindouf Basin Morocco, Algeria Ahnet Basin Algeria Taoudenni Basin Mauritania, Mali, Algeria Sirte, Cyrenaica Basin, Libya South Punjab (Bikner-Nagaur) Basin, Pakistan - India Kufra Basin SW Libya Argentina Bolivia, & Paraguay Proven South Oman Salt Basin Amadeus, Officer & Mc. Arthur Basin After Jonathon Craig - ENI Potential Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

World Record Holder Karelian Shungites Paleoproterozoic ~ 2. 0 Ga, NW Russia 600 m World Record Holder Karelian Shungites Paleoproterozoic ~ 2. 0 Ga, NW Russia 600 m thick Upper Zaonezhskaya Formation Corg up to 98%; averages 25% over 9000 km 2 along narrow rifted margin Include coal-like seams of layered shungite , cross-cutting diapirs & veins of remobilized liquid petroleum Interlayered with mafic volcanics Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Karelian Shungites V. A. Melezhik et al. 1999 Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - Karelian Shungites V. A. Melezhik et al. 1999 Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Outline Significant Source Rocks through Time Basin Restriction's Impact on Source Rocks Climate (Rain Shadow & Green House versus Ice House) Transgressions Super-plumes (Nutrients) Basin Phase (extension, compression, or barred) Middle East North Africa Precambrian Continents Summary & Conclusions Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

World's Source Rocks Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. autothonous organic carbon preserved in: World's Source Rocks Contain higher concentrations of allocthonous vs. autothonous organic carbon preserved in: Black (Anoxic) Shale (Anoxic) Carbonates Have irregular temporal beat driven by Climatic response – – – Rain shadow East coast/west coast ocean circulation Monsoons World wide transgressions & restricted basins Sporadic super-plumes Basin restriction – Continental plate configuration w Initial extension w Final collision – Structural barriers &/or buildup barriers Most of world's largest oil fields restricted to southern Tethyan margin Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

World's Source Rocks Principal Oil Provinces matching this paradigm Mesozoic lee shore of Pangea World's Source Rocks Principal Oil Provinces matching this paradigm Mesozoic lee shore of Pangea Eastern Arabian shelf Giant Fields Southern Mediterranean margin Early Silurian section of northern Gondwanaland (ice cap melt, & transgression) Tanezzuft Shale of Libya Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

World's Source Rocks Precambrian Continents Precambrian Shunga Event ~2. 0 Ga Rich in organic World's Source Rocks Precambrian Continents Precambrian Shunga Event ~2. 0 Ga Rich in organic carbon Plume caused magmatism &/or volcanism Inter-layered volcanic rocks Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Conclusions Now for a few barrels of oil! Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - Conclusions Now for a few barrels of oil! Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”

Lecture Ends!! Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum” Lecture Ends!! Kendall, Chiarenzelli, & Hassan “Sources - World Petroleum”