World History Connection to Today Chapter 2 First

World History: Connection to Today Chapter 2 First Civilizations: Africa and Asia (3200 B. C. – 500 B. C. ) Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. , publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Ancient Kingdoms of the Nile 1 • How did geography influence ancient Egypt? • What were the main features and achievements of Egypt’s three kingdoms? • How did trade and warfare affect Egypt and Nubia?

1 The Egyptian Empire About 1450 B. C.

Geography of the Ancient Nile Valley 1 People settled and established farming villages along the Nile. Egyptians depended on annual floods to soak the land deposit a layer of silt, or rich soil. Egyptians had to cooperate to control the Nile, building dikes, reservoirs, and irrigation ditches. Rulers used the Nile to link and unite Upper and Lower Egypt. The Nile served as a trade route connecting Egypt to Africa, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean world.

Three Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt 1 OLD KINGDOM MIDDLE KINGDOM Pharaohs organized a strong central state, were absolute rulers, and were considered gods. Large drainage project created arable farmland. Egyptians built pyramids at Giza. Corruption and rebellions were common. Power struggles, crop failures, and cost of pyramids contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom. Hyksos invaded and occupied the delta region. Traders had contacts with Middle East and Crete. NEW KINGDOM Powerful pharaohs created a large empire that reached the Euphrates River. Hatshepsut encouraged trade. Ramses II expanded Egyptian rule to Syria. Egyptian power declined.

1 Egypt and Nubia For centuries, Egypt traded or fought with Nubia. During the New Kingdom, Egypt conquered Nubia. • Nubians served in Egyptian armies and influenced Egyptian culture. • Egyptian art from this period shows Nubian soldiers, musicians, or prisoners. When Egypt declined, Nubia conquered Egypt. • Nubians did not see themselves as conquerors. They respected Egyptian traditions.

Section 2: Egyptian Civilization

2 Egyptian Civilization • How did religious beliefs shape the lives of Egyptians? • How was Egyptian society organized? • What advances did Egyptians make in learning and the arts?

2 Egyptian Religious Beliefs • Belief that many gods and goddesses ruled the world and the afterlife. -Amon-Re was the sun god. -Osiris was the god of the underworld and of the Nile. -The pharaoh was believed to be a god as well as a monarch. • Belief in eternal life after death. -Relied on the Book of the Dead to help them through the afterworld. -Practiced mummification, the preservation of the body for use in the next life.

Ancient Egypt: A Center of Learning & Culture 2 Advances in Learning Developed a form of picture writing called hieroglyphics. Doctors diagnosed and cured illnesses, performed surgery, and developed medicines still used today. Developed 12 -month calendar on which modern calendar is based. Astronomers mapped constellations and charted movement of the planets. Developed practical geometry. Skilled in design and engineering. Advances in the Arts Statues, paintings, and writings tell us about ancient Egyptian values and attitudes. Developed painting style that remained unchanged for thousands of years. Wrote hymns and prayers to the gods, proverbs, love poems, stories of victory in battle, and folk tales. Built pyramids and other great buildings, such as temple of Ramses II.

Class System in Ancient Egypt 2 PHARAOH Earthly leader; considered a god HIGH PRIESTS AND PRIESTESSES Served gods and goddesses NOBLES Fought pharaoh’s wars MERCHANTS, SCRIBES, AND ARTISANS Made furniture, jewelry, and fabrics for pharaohs and nobles, and provided for other needs PEASANT FARMERS AND SLAVES Worked in the fields and served the pharaoh

Ancient Egypt

Chapter 2, Section 3 Ancient Sumer

3 City-States of Ancient Sumer • How did geographic features influence the civilizations of the Fertile Crescent? • What were the main features of Sumerian civilization? • What advances in learning did the Sumerians make?

The Fertile Crescent • The Fertile Crescent is the fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The first civilization in the Fertile Crescent was discovered in Mesopotamia. • As in Egypt, these fertile lands supported the development of civilization. • Villages along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers had to work together. • The first Sumerian cities emerged in southern Mesopotamia around 3200 B. C.

3 Sumerian Civilization GOVERNMENT City-states with hereditary rulers. Ruler led army in war and enforced laws. Complex government with scribes to collect taxes and keep records. SOCIAL STRUCTURE Each state had distinct social hierarchy, or system of ranks. RELIGION Worshiped many gods. Believed gods controlled every aspect of life. Most people were peasant farmers. Saw afterlife as a grim place. Women had legal rights; some engaged in trade and owned property. To keep the gods happy, each city built a ziggurat, or pyramid temple.

Advances in Sumerian Learning • Developed cuneiform, believed to be the earliest form of writing. • Developed basic algebra and geometry. • Made accurate calendars, essential to a farming society. • Made the first wheeled vehicles.

Compare: Geography • • Egypt Nile River Sahara Desert Close to Mediterranean Sea Close to Red Sea • • • Sumer Euphrates River Tigris River Close to Persian Gulf Fertile Crescent b/w rivers Arabian Desert to West Close to Mediterranean Sea

Compare: Religion • • Egypt Polytheistic (except for Akenaton) Pharaoh is ‘god on earth’ Belief in happy afterlife Elaborate burialspyramids, mummies • • • Sumer Polytheistic Gods behave like ordinary people Ziggurats-pyramid shaped temple to the god/goddess Sacrifices Afterlife is grim

Compare: Economy Egypt • Trade: gold, art, pottery, etc. • Farming Sumer • Few natural resources • Trade: pottery, art • Farming

Compare: Government Egypt Sumer • Pharaoh-god on earth. • Ruler for each city. Preserve justice and state was in charge order of: walls, irrigation, taxes, records • Vizier-chief minister. Supervised taxes, • Ruler was chief farming, irrigation servant to the gods, led ceremonies to please them

Compare: Social Structure • • • Egypt Pharaoh Nobles, priests Artisans, merchants, scribes Farmers Slaves Women have rights • • • Sumer Social hierarchy (system of ranks) Highest: ruling class, leading officials, high priests Middle: lesser priests, scribes, merchants, artisans Lower: peasant farmers Slaves Women have rights

Compare: Achievements • • • Egypt Pyramids Writing: hieroglyphics, demotic Medicine Astronomy Geometry • • • Sumer Ziggurat Writing: cuneiform Algebra Geometry Astronomy

City-states of Sumer

4 Section 4: Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders • How did early empires arise in Mesopotamia? • How did ideas and technology spread? • How did the Persians unite a huge empire? • What contributions did the Phoenicians make?

Invaders, Traders, and Empire Builders 4 A series of strong rulers united the lands of the Fertile Crescent into well organized empires. Again and again, nomadic warriors invaded the rich cities of the Fertile Crescent. Some looted and burned the cities. Others stayed to rule them. 2300 B. C. –Sargon, the ruler of Akkad, conquered Sumer and built the first known empire. 1790 B. C. –Hammurabi, King of Babylon, united the Babylonian empire.

BABYLONIANS • Located in the Fertile Crescent. • Invaders from the Arabian Desert entered Mesopotamia and seized the city-state of Babylon. • Hammurabi (hah moo RAH bee) became the king. • Hammurabi took control of the Sumerian citystates in lower Mesopotamia and established the Babylonian empire. • Adopted many Sumerian practices.

4 The Code of Hammurabi’s code was the first attempt by a ruler to codify, or arrange and set down in writing, all of the laws that would govern a state. One section codified criminal law, the branch of law that deals with offenses against others, such as robbery and murder. Another section codified civil law, the branch that deals with private rights and matters, such as business contracts, taxes, and property inheritance.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION q Hammurabi’s Code— 282 laws—affected all aspects of life. q Belief in astrology

The Impact of the Babylonians

Warfare and the Spread of Ideas 4 • Conquerors brought ideas and technologies to the conquered region. For example, when the Hittites conquered Mesopotamia, they brought the skill of ironworking to that region. • When the conquerors were in turn conquered, they moved elsewhere, spreading their ideas and technologies. For example, when the Hittite empire was itself conquered, Hittite ironworkers migrated to other regions and spread the secret of ironmaking across Asia, Africa, and Europe.

HITTITES • War-like tribesmen from Asia Minor; captured Babylon. • Eventually they withdrew, but occupied the western part of the Fertile Crescent.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION • First to make widespread use of iron for tools and weapons. • Horse-drawn chariots in battle. • System of laws with punishments that were less severe than Hammurabi’s.

ASSYRIANS • Ruthless conquerors—overran Phoenicia, Palestine, Babylonia. • Empire largest in the world to that point in history. • Used bows and iron-tipped arrows, battering rams, and the first to use men on horseback. • Assyrians terrorized people with acts of violence and torture. • Lasted 150 years before being destroyed by the Chaldeans and Persians.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION • First to set up an effective system for governing an empire. • Built a great library in Nineveh. It had thousands of clay tablets that have told us much about the ancient Middle East.

CHALDEANS • Helped overthrow the Assyrians • Took control of the Fertile Crescent and established the 2 nd Babylonian Empire. • Nebuchadnezzar is king. • Rebuilt Babylon into the largest and most impressive city in the ancient world.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION • “Hanging Gardens” on rooftops in Babylon. Greeks called them one of the “seven wonders of the world. ” • Further advancement in astronomy by accurate observations of the sun, moon, planets, and stars.

PERSIANS • Chaldean Empire declined after the death of Nebuchadnezzar. • New Persian Empire extended for 3, 000 miles from Egypt to India. • Lasted 200 years, reaching its height under King Darius I.

4 The Persian Empire Cyrus the Great and his successors conquered the largest empire yet seen, from Asia Minor to India. Emperor Darius unified the Persian empire. Divided empire into provinces, each headed by a governor, called a satrap. This form of government became a model for later rulers. Drew up single code of laws for empire. Had hundreds of miles of roads built or repaired to aid communication and encourage unity. Set up common set of weights and measures to improve trade. Introduced a uniform system of coinage and encouraged a economy. money Religious ideas of Zoroaster also helped to unite the empire.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION • Set up well-organized government. • Divided into provinces and directed by a “satrap. ” • Built roads to speed trade and movement of armies. • Allowed conquered people to keep their religion, laws, and local customs. • “Cultural Diffusion”—the exchange of ways of living—took place between various groups in the empire. • Accepted teachings of the prophet Zorocaster.

PHOENICIANS • Lived north of Palestine along the Mediterranean coast. • Became skilled shipbuilders and sailors, and traded throughout the Mediterranean. • Established many colonies, including the great city of Carthage in North Africa

4 The Phoenicians Occupied string of cities along the eastern Mediterranean coast. Made glass from sand purple dye from a tiny sea snail. Called “carriers of civilization” because they spread Middle Eastern civilization around the Mediterranean. Invented the alphabet. An alphabet contains letters that represent spoken sounds.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION • Traders carried the products and cultures of the Middle East to less advanced peoples. • The most notable contribution of theses people was the alphabet. The Greeks and Romans later made some changes that resulted in the alphabet we use today.

5 Section 5: The Roots of Judaism • What were the main events in the early history of the Israelites? • How did the Jews view their relationship with God? • What moral and ethical ideas did the prophets teach?

HEBREWS • The ideas & beliefs of the Hebrews, or Jews, are known as Judaism. • Abraham founded Judaism. • Lived in Egypt for several hundred years, but were forced into slavery. Moses led them out of Egypt. • They recorded their history and religious beliefs in the Old Testament.

5 Early History of the Israelites 2000 B. C. –Abraham migrates from Mesopotamia to Canaan, where he founds the Israelite nation. Famine forces Israelites to migrate to Egypt, where they are enslaved. Moses leads the Israelites out of Egypt. Israelites enter Canaan, the promised land. 1000 B. C. –David unites Israelites into kingdom of Israel. Solomon builds capital at Jerusalem, but his rule inspires revolts. 922 B. C. –Kingdom weakens after splitting into Israel and Judah. 722 B. C. –Assyrians conquer Israel. 586 B. C. –Babylonians capture Judah – Babylonian Captivity. Persians conquer Babylon and free the Jews from captivity.

5 Judaism The Israelites were monotheistic, believing in one true God. At the time, most other people worshiped many gods. The Israelites believed God to be all-knowing, allpowerful, and present everywhere. The Israelites believed that they were God’s “chosen people. ” They believed that God would lead them to the “promised land. ”

5 Teachings on Law and Morality The laws of the Torah address all aspects of life, from cleanliness and food preparation to criminal matters. Jews believe that God gave them a set of laws called the Ten Commandments. Jewish prophets, or spiritual leaders, preached a code of ethics, or moral standards of behavior. Examples: • The rich and powerful must protect the poor and weak. • All people are equal under God. Unlike many ancient people, the Jews believed their leaders were fully human and bound by God’s law.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIVILIZATION • Practicing monotheism. • High moral conduct: Ten Commandments. • Influenced Christianity and Islam through its emphasis on monotheism and moral principles.

CIVILIZATION PEAKS • • Sumerians: 3500 -1792 BC Babylonians: 1792 -1650 BC Hittites: 1650 -1200 BC Hebrews: 1200 -586 BC Phoenicians: 1000 -700 BC Assyrians: 750 -605 BC Chaldeans: 605 -550 BC Persians: 525 -331 BC

The Story of Abraham