World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Sixth Edition

World Civilizations The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition Chapter 33 Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence I. The Challenges of Independence II. Post-Colonial Options for Achieving Economic Growth and Social Justice III. Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation Movements in Settler Societies World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Africa, the Middle East, and Asia in the Era of Independence World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Emergence of New Nations in Africa after World War II World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Partition of South Asia: The Formation of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Challenges of Independence • The Population Bomb – New World foods – Population control difficult § cultural factors § high mortality rates World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Parasitic Cities and Endangered Ecosystems • Towns – slums § become permanent – towns parasitic World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growth of the World Population World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Challenges of Independence • The Subordination of Women and the Nature of Feminist Struggles in the Postcolonial Era – Some rulers § Indira Gandhi § Corazon Aquino § Benazir Bhutto World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neocolonialism, Cold War Rivalries, and Stunted Development • Industrial development – little success • Cash crops, minerals – dependent on prices World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Post-Colonial Options for Achieving Economic Growth and Social Justice • Charismatic Populists and One-Party Rule – Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana § Soviet support § cocoa, cash crop § deposed, 1966 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The New West African Nations World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions • Muslim Brotherhood – Hasan al-Banna • Free Officers, 1930 s – nationalistic – Gamal Abdul Nasser – allied with Muslim Brotherhood World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions • Nasser – land redistribution – free education – food staples regulated – forced British from Canal zone – Israel § Six-Day War, 1967 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions • Anwar Sadat – negotiations with Israel • Hosni Mubarak World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Middle East in the Cold War Era World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Indian Alternative: Development for Some of the People • Indian National Congress – social reform – economic development – democracy – civil rights • Jawaharlal Nehru – Green Revolution § private investment World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation Movements in Settler Societies • Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West – Pahlavi shahs § modernization § alienates religious leaders § overthrown by Khomeini, 1978 – Ayatollah Khomeini § similar to Mahdi World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Delayed Revolutions: Religious Revivalism and Liberation Movements in Settler Societies • Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West – Radical reform § Sharia law § opposition suppressed § women more restricted – War with Iraq § 1988, peace World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise • Nationalist Party – Afrikaner § 1948 elections § Afrikaner rule • Independence, 1960 • Apartheid – complete separation – African National Congress outlawed – Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela, Steve Biko World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

South Africa: The Apartheid State and Its Demise • • • Opposition, 1960 s Economic, political pressure, 1980 s F. W. De. Klerk Mandela freed, 1990 Elections, 1994 – Mandela president World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Comparisons of Emerging Nations • Patterns – some reflect traditions – depends on continuity of native culture World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Global Connections: Postcolonial Nations in the Cold War World Order • New nations – Understandable difficulties – Many more or less artificial – Difficult to find a place in the world economy • Challenge of finding local solutions to problems World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright © 2011, © 2007, © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.