World Civilizations The Global Experience AP Seventh Edition

World Civilizations The Global Experience AP® Seventh Edition Chapter 28 Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 28. 1 Japanese children at school. Showing children the latest in naval technology suggests the relationship between education and other aspects of Japanese development in the later 19 th century. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Overview I. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance II. Protest and Revolution in Russia III. Japan: Transformation without Revolution World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

TIMELINE 1700 C. E. to 1900 C. E. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

TIMELINE (continued) 1700 C. E. to 1900 C. E. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • 1861, Russia begins social, political reform • Russia before Reform – Anti-Westernization backlash § Following Napoleon's invasion, 1812 § Holy Alliance – Decembrist uprising, 1825 § Suppressed by Nicholas I – Russia avoids revolutions of 1830, 1848 World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • Economic and Social Problems – The Peasant Question – Crimean War (1854– 1856) § Defeat by industrial powers § Alexander II turns to industrialization World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 28. 1 Russian Expansion, 1815– 1914 Russia continued to push to the west, south, and east. At first, its main conflicts were with the Ottoman empire. Later, however, conflicts in east Asia loomed larger. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • The Reform Era and Early Industrialization – 1861, emancipation of serfs § Forced to buy lands § Productivity stagnant – Alexander II § Reforms of 1860 s, 1870 s • Zemstvoes • Military reform • Some educational reform World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • The Reform Era and Early Industrialization – Industrialization § Railways • Pacific reached, 1880 s § Siberia opened to development § Factories, 1880 s World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 28. 2 This late 19 th-century roadside scene depicts the poverty of a Russian peasant village. What forces produced such poor conditions, even after serfdom had been abolished? World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • The Reform Era and Early Industrialization – Industrialization § Count Witte, 1892– 1903 • High tariffs • Banking system improved • Western investment sought World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia • The Road to Revolution – Intelligentsia – Ethnic minorities § Demands – Peasants § Famine, taxes – Anarchists § Fail to win peasant support § Suppressed World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia • The Road to Revolution – 1881, Alexander II assassinated – New ideas § Marxist socialism § Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov) § Bolsheviks World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia • The Revolution of 1905 – Expansion continues § Ottomans pushed back, 1870 s • New Slavic nations created § Into Manchuria – Defeated in Russo-Japanese war, 1904– 05 § Revolution, 1905 World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia • The Revolution of 1905 – Duma created § Minister Stolypin § Stolypin reforms • Kulaks World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 28. 2 The Russo-Japanese War The Russo-Japanese war focused on disputes over Chinese territory. Japan had acquired the Liaodong peninsula after its victory over China, but Russia and others forced it out and then maneuvered for territory of their own. Japan proposed a split of Manchuria but assumed negotiations would fail, and so attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, and later won over Russian armies in China as well. A Russian fleet sent from the Baltic was humiliated at Tsushima Strait, which effectively ended the war. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Protest and Revolution in Russia • Russia and Eastern Europe – Other nations follow Russia § Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece Parliaments § End to serfdom § Some industrialization – Cultural revival § Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy § Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt § Mendel, Pavlov World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Figure 28. 3 Women marching in the Russian Revolution of 1905. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Final Decades of the Shogunate – Shogonate § Alliance with daimyos, samurai – Culture under the Tokugawa § Thriving § Neo-Confucianism • Variety of schools, terakoya § Dutch studies World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Final Decades of the Shogunate – By 1850 s § Economy slowing § Rural riots World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Challenge to Isolation – Commodore Matthew Perry § 1853, Japanese ports forced to open – Shogunate bureaucrats § Open doors reluctantly § Others want to end isolation § Conservative daimyos for isolation World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Challenge to Isolation – Unrest § 1868, shogunate defeated § Meiji restoration • Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji) World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

The Separate Paths of Japan and China • China – Government centralization – Population growth – Dynastic decline • Japan – More flexible § Benefits of imitation – Political, economic vigor in 19 th century • China and Japan become enemies. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State – Feudalism ended § Appointed prefects from 1871 § State expanded – Samurai officials to United States § Study, promote change World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State – 1873– 1876, samurai class abolished § Some find new roles • Iwasaki Yataro: Mitsubishi – Political reorganization § Constitution, 1889 § House of Peers § Diet, lower house World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Japan's Industrial Revolution – Westernization in other areas § Military § Banks § Railways, steamships § Tariffs, guilds removed § Ministry of Industry, 1870 • Model factories – Zaibatsu, 1890 s § Industrial combines World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Visualizing the Past Two Faces of Western Influence World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Social and Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization – Population increase – Culture § Universal education – Western dress adopted – Conversion to Christianity limited § Shintoism attracts new followers World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Social and Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization – Need for raw materials § Sino-Japanese War over Korea, 1894– 1895 § Alliance with Britain, 1902 § War with Russia, 1904 § Korea annexed, 1910 World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Map 28. 3 Japanese Colonial Expansion to 1914 The map shows Japan's principal gains, but also the limitations that still frustrated Japanese nationalists. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Strain of Modernization – Inter-generational debate – Nationalism § Emperor worship World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

American President Theodore Roosevelt at the controls of a steam shovel during construction of the Panama Canal. The Canal greatly shortened international travel times. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

An antique Italian Red Cross poster. A winged angel bends over a fallen soldier in a frame beside the international logo. Here was a major expression of new international humanitarian impulses and political organization. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Five young Japanese men have arrived in London with the aim of learning from English and Western culture. Among them are Prince Ito Hirobumi (1841– 1909) (top right), who would later go on to be prime minister of the first Japanese cabinet government, and Marquis Inouye (bottom left). "Study abroad" was a key element in new levels of globalization. World Civilizations: The Global Experience , AP® Seventh Edition Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved