Workshop 1. 5 Title: Globalization: Trade, Population Mobility and International Security Organizers: W. Kwong, DW Mac. Pherson Presenters: 1. DW Mac. Pherson. Globalization: the interdependency of population mobility, security and trade 2. M Riestra Venegas. Migrant Labour Mexico and the USA. 3. N Motus / J Weekers. Globalizing Public Health. 4. P Van Krieken. The relationship between health and migration. International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003
Globalization: the interdependency of population mobility, security and trade Douglas W. Mac. Pherson MD, MSc(CTM), FRCPC International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003
What is “Globalization” ? • "It is yet another Civilized Power, with its banner of the Prince of Peace in one hand its loot-basket and its butcher-knife in the other. " -- Mark Twain, in his essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, 1901, describing the United States playing the European-style imperialist game in the Philippines. International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 3
What is “Globalization” ? "For globalism to work, . . . The hidden hand of the market will never work without a hidden fist -Mc. Donald's cannot flourish without Mc. Donnell Douglas, the designer of the F-15. And the hidden fist that keeps the world safe. . . is called the United States Army, Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps. " -in "What the World Needs Now", by Thomas Friedman, New York Times, March 28, 1999. " -from Backing Up Globalization with Military Might International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 4
What is “Globalization” ? Is a long-term process of global integration represented by the increasing rate of accessing international venues, driven by: – advances in trade, telecommunications, transportation – balanced by international security considerations – due to population mobility International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 5
“Globalization” and Mobility? Implications for Population and Public Policy Ø understanding the process Ø measuring past and current impacts Ø evaluation of policy consequences Ø looking to the future & preparing today. International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 6
Mobility/Migration – the process Three Considerations*: 1. The People 2. The Phases of Migration Ø Pre-departure Ø Transit Ø Post-arrival • The Outcome Determinant Differentials (Prevalence Gaps) *Mac. Pherson, Gushulak. Human mobility and population health. Perspect Biol Med 2001 International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 7
The People International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 8
Migration Health - Context International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 9
Globalization and Migration Push pull factors of : Ø population: size, demographics and biometrics Ø processes of movement Ø prevalence gaps: source and host countries Ø Education & training Ø Cultural influences and beliefs Ø Behaviour Ø Language Ø Health International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 10
International Tourist Movements – Magnitudes - people WTO data. 2002* projected International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 11
International Tourist Movements – Magnitudes (people sources) WTO data. International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 12
Global Tourist Movements – Magnitudes (economics) WTO data. 2001 = US $463 Billion. Vienna, International Metropolis September 15 -19, 2003 13
Immigration to Canada – 1860 -2001 WW II Hungarian Revolt International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 14
Immigration to Canada – 1860 -2001 Europeanization Multi-culturalization International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 15
Immigration to Canada International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 16
The Phases International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 17
“Pre-departure” Phase Effect may be: Ø negative: e. g. , poverty, lower education, poorer health systems Ø neutral: e. g. , similarity in environment, education, genetics/biology Ø positive: e. g. , healthier behaviours International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 18
“Transit” Phase Advances in Transportation technology, accessibility and affordability has virtually eliminated the health risks associated with the movement phase EXCEPT: Ø trafficking in humans Ø smuggling in humans International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 19
“Post-arrival” Phase Effects of “pre” and “transit” phases plus: Balance of “imported” cultural, genetic, behavioural influences with host destination determinants: e. g. , health care, environment BUT attainable socio-economic goals now permit reverse migration not possible in previous generations of migrants “VFR” effect: Visiting Friends and Relatives on recent migrant and 1 st generation. International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 20
Prevalence Gaps International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 21
Refugees & Asylum Seekers by year Worldwide Persons in need of Protection, UNHCR. * est. International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 22
Refugees & Asylum Seekers by Host Region, 1999 International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 23
Globalization and Migration • 140 million people live outside of their country of birth (1/40 persons) • migrants represent > 15% of the population in over 50 countries worldwide • OECD, Canada, USA –migrants represent ~ 2/3 of population growth • 45 million migrants from developing nations will enter the workforce globally to 2015 International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 24
Security, Trade & Health Is there a relationship between events distant from health in: • time and place – Temporally/geographically distant • political balance - trade and security vs. health International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 25
Security - Man-made Disasters • Malfeasant – – – September 11, 2002 Anthrax in USA War on Terror CBRN Programs Nuclear Weapon Programs International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 26
Security – Man-Made • Terrorism: – Bombings • USS Cole, US Embassies Kenya/Tanzania • World Trade Center • Bali • Israel/Palestine • Civil disputes –violent • • Balkans – Serbia, Kosovo Rwanda/Burundi East Timor Moscow theatre International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 27
Security – Man-Made • Accidental • Bohpol / Union Carbide • Three-Mile Island / Nuclear • Uruguay Gold Mines / mercury poisoning • The Kursk Nuclear Submarine International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 28
Security – Natural Disasters • Environmental – Severe Weather • Floods • Drought • Storms – hurricanes, tornadoes, • Fires International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 29
Security – Man-made/Natural Disasters • Man-made / Environmental – – – MDR – everything Walkerton, Cincinnati VHF – Ebola, Hanta SARS BSE Heat deaths: Chicago, Europe International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 30
Security involves more than intelligence, police or military services: . • Environmental security • Social security: • language, • culture, • health, • employment. . . International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 31
Trade, Security, and Health Post-911 World • “Security trumps trade • Health trumps security” US Senate Appropriations – USD 40 Billion for security: international, border, homeland International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 32
Unlinked Costs Cholera in Peru, South America Plague in India BSE in UK/Europe SARS < 1 Billion USD 3 – 5 Billion USD 25 Billion USD 30 Billion USD. War in. . . Balkans, Great Lakes/Africa, Balkans, Kosovo, on Terror. . . Priceless International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 33
Travellers shy away from international travel War, pneumonia outbreak, North Korea blamed for decline in Air NZ bookings on key international routes Air New Zealand 21 March 2003 http: //home. nzcity. co. nz/news/default. asp? id=29857&cat=976 International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 34
Migration Measuring Past and Current Impacts Ø Links: health, security and trade Ø Integrated (horizontal, vertical, longitudinal) decisionmaking mitigates impacts in the other two sectors. . . = Paradigm shift in local-international public health, economic/trade and security management. International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 35
Migration Measuring Past and Current Impacts Ø The West are nations built on migration Ø The West will grow and compete based on migration Ø The West is changing demographically and biometrically, including health determinants, directly related to migration International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 36
Migration Measuring Past and Current Impacts Ø The Developing Nations are source countries for migration Ø The Developing Nations will grow and compete partly due to migration Ø Are the Developing Nations benefiting; (public health, trade, security) related to migration see WTO, Cancun September 2003? International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 37
Migration Evaluation of Policy Consequences Ø foreign policy - trade Ø immigration policy Ø international security policy Ø health policy International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 38
Migration Looking to the future & preparing today Ø Challenge to academics & researchers, social scientists, program administrators, and governmental policy makers; and front-line service delivery workers Ø Evidence-based decision-making. International Metropolis - Vienna, September 15 -19, 2003 39
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