Word Order in English Parts of Speech

Word Order in English

Parts of Speech Notional Functional nouns articles verbs prepositions adjectives conjunctions adverbs particles numerals interjections pronouns

Parts of the Sentence The Subject principal The Predicate Parts of the Sentence The Object secondary The Attribute The Adverbial Modifier

Classification of sentences (purpose of communication) sentences declarative (affirmative) interrogative imperative exclamatory

Classification of sentences (structure) sentences simple semi-composite (with infinitival, gerundial or participial constructions) complex compound (ССП) (СПП)

The Elementary Sentence N + Vintrans. : The plane disappeared. N + Vtrans. + Odirect: I like bananas. N + Vtrans. + Oindirect + Odirect: I bought myself a present. N + Vtrans. + Odirect + Oindirect: I bought a present for myself. N + Vintrans. + AMPlace: He lives in France. N + Vintrans. + AMManner/comparison: She behaved like an angel.

Extending the Elementary Sentence Extension (It consists in adding to a part of the sentence a unit of the same syntactic status). As a result we have sentences with homogenous parts. I waited and waited. (расширение) Expansion (It consists in modifying one part of the sentence by another, subordinated to it). The Moscow train arrived at the little station at 6 sharp. (развертывание) Compounding (It consists in changing a part of the sentence from simple to compound). It must have been a joke. / They used to be friends. (усложнение)

Extending the Elementary Sentence Contamination results in the formation of the so-called double predicate in which the verb fulfils a double function: that of a notional verb and that of a link verb. She was fat and smooth and quietly smiling. (контаминация) Detachment consists in accentuating a part of a sentence and is achieved by a pause in oral speech and by commas or dashes in writing. She offended him – solid, matter-of-fact, quick, clear – French. (обособление) The ultimate degree of detachment results in parcelation as the result of which the detached part of the sentence is separated from the rest of the sentence by a full stop and forms a separate syntactic structure. He went to a small restaurant for dinner. Alone. (парцелляция)

Word Order in Composite Sentences N+V I’ll call you N+V You are the most wonderful person conjunctions and connectives as soon as N+V I have ever met. N+V I get home.

Inversion 1. In questions: Has your wife arrived? 2. In exclamations in the form of negative questions: Isn’t it cold? 3. With “may”: May all your dreams come true! 4. After “so, neither, nor”: I’m hungry. – So am I. 5. After adverbial phrases of direction and place: In an armchair sat his mother. / Here comes Sandra’s car. / I lit the fuse and up went the rocket. / The door opened and out came Angela’s brother. 6. In reporting: “What do you mean? ” asked Henry. But “What do you mean? ” he asked.

Inversion 1. In comparisons with “as” and “than”: The cake was excellent, as was the coffee. (formal) 2. In conditional sentences: Should you need more information, please telephone our main of office. / Had Alexa asked, I would have been able to help. (formal) 3. After negative adverbials: Hardly had I arrived when trouble started. / Little did he realise the danger he faced. / Only then did I understand what she meant.

Types of questions General questions (yes/no questions): Do you like apples? Alternative questions: Do you like apples or bananas? Disjunctive questions (tag-questions): You like bananas, don’t you? Special questions: What fruit do you like? Indirect questions: He asks me if I like apples. / Could you tell me if you like apples. / I was wondering if you liked apples. Echo questions: I like bananas. – Do you? Negative questions: Why can’t we go by bus? / Why did you not return the money? Rhetorical questions: What else could I do? Suggestive questions: Why not decorate the house yourself?