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Woman’s World In the 19 th Century Portrait of Miss Margaret Henderson by John Woman’s World In the 19 th Century Portrait of Miss Margaret Henderson by John William Waterhouse, 1900

“Victorian” ? ? ? “Victorian” ? ? ?

• [pictures of corsetted women] • [pictures of corsetted women]

• [pictures of corsetted women from movies Angels and Insects and Pirates of • [pictures of corsetted women from movies Angels and Insects and Pirates of the Caribbean. ] Keira Knightley in Pirates of the Caribbean

The Corset Camille Clifford The Corset Camille Clifford

• Corsets, crinolines, hoopskirts exaggerate hips, breasts, waist • Impede movement, breathing • • Corsets, crinolines, hoopskirts exaggerate hips, breasts, waist • Impede movement, breathing • Foster unrealistic image of woman’s body Cutaway view of crinoline, Punch, 1856

Idealization of Woman as Angel/Goddess/Fairy/Mother • Paradox of ideal vs. real • “The Angel Idealization of Woman as Angel/Goddess/Fairy/Mother • Paradox of ideal vs. real • “The Angel in the House” (Coventry Patmore) • “Blessed Damozel” • “Lady of Shalott” (Alfred Lord Tennyson) Emily Patmore, “The Angel in the House” by John Brettx

Goddess The Blessed Damozel by Dante Gabriel Rossetti Goddess The Blessed Damozel by Dante Gabriel Rossetti

Fairy Midsummer’s Eve by Edward Robert Hughes Fairy Midsummer’s Eve by Edward Robert Hughes

Angel by Abbot Handerson Thayer, 1889 Angel by Abbot Handerson Thayer, 1889

Mother and Child by Lord Leighton Woman’s highest calling Mother and Child by Lord Leighton Woman’s highest calling

Influence of Queen Victoria 1819 -1901 Portrait of Queen Victoria Sir Francis Grant, 1843 Influence of Queen Victoria 1819 -1901 Portrait of Queen Victoria Sir Francis Grant, 1843 • Icon of femininie domesticity • Devoted wife to Albert and mother of nine • Retreated to seclusion at Albert’s death in 1861

Impact of Industrial Revolution “Separate Spheres” Social theory enforcing gender polarity Home Work Place Impact of Industrial Revolution “Separate Spheres” Social theory enforcing gender polarity Home Work Place

Separate Spheres • Men are rational, independent, competitive, and aggressive • Women are emotional, Separate Spheres • Men are rational, independent, competitive, and aggressive • Women are emotional, maternal, domestic, and dependent. • Men leave home to work: “public sphere” (business & politics) • Men have permission for moral laxity • Women rule the home and are confined to it: “private sphere” • Role of helpmeet, domestic manager, moral exemplum • Home is haven from factory, firm, “world” • Plush décor reflects cocooning

Marriage • All wealth owned, inherited, or earned went legally to husband until 1882 Marriage • All wealth owned, inherited, or earned went legally to husband until 1882 • Divorce extremely rare for woman to secure • Inheritance through male line • Until 1891, runaway wife 1850 Wedding Attire could be arrested and imprisoned • Husband could divorce for adultery; wife could not. Victorian wedding attire

Accidental Pregnancy • Birth control literature illegal • Activities heavily chaperoned--unwed pregnancy in upper Accidental Pregnancy • Birth control literature illegal • Activities heavily chaperoned--unwed pregnancy in upper class rare • Domestic servants often seduced by employer (typically expelled from house) • Infant abandonment/murder common • Unwed mother could sue father in court for child support Richard Redgrave’s The Outcast 1851

Careers 19 th century milliners • Low-paid jobs only • 1851, 43% of British Careers 19 th century milliners • Low-paid jobs only • 1851, 43% of British women over 20 had no husband (30% single, 13% widowed) • 90% of these worked

“Upper” Work • Upper” tradeswomen in towns: milliners & dressmakers • “Upper” servants of “Upper” Work • Upper” tradeswomen in towns: milliners & dressmakers • “Upper” servants of the wealthy: governesses, skilled cooks, housekeepers, senior parlourmaids, head house-maids and lady's maids

“Lower” Work • Lower working classes: – began work age 8 -12 – Worked “Lower” Work • Lower working classes: – began work age 8 -12 – Worked until marriage if. . . – All earnings belonged to husband • “Lower” street hawkers: flowers, sweets, seafood, and fortune-telling • Lower servants of middle class: kitchen-maid, scullerymaid, laundress, nursemaid, housemaid • Single “maid-of-all-work”: 14 -16 hours/day

Domestic Servants • Largest category of woman’s work--50% 1880 -1890 Domestic Servants • Largest category of woman’s work--50% 1880 -1890

No job-No family • • • Charity of wealthy benefactors or church Prostitution Begging No job-No family • • • Charity of wealthy benefactors or church Prostitution Begging Workhouses Suicide Watts’ Found Drowned

Acknowledgements • Young servant: www. history. powys. org. uk • Wedding gowns: www. victoriana. Acknowledgements • Young servant: www. history. powys. org. uk • Wedding gowns: www. victoriana. com • Milliners: www. bbc. co. uk/history/society_culture/welfare/womens_work_02. shtml • Hunt’s “The Awakening Conscience”: www. csun. edu/~jaa 7021/h 498/part 3. htm • Corsets: www. staylace. com/gallery/index. html • Crinoline: www. pemberley. com/janeinfo/victcfsh. html • Camille Clifford: www. staylace. com/gallery • Queen Victoria: www. victorianweb. org • Servants: www. sensibility. com/vintageimages/victorian/ • Leighton Mother: www. victorianartinbritain. co. uk/leighton_mother. htm • Pirates of the Carribean: www. erasofelegance. com • Hughes: www. denison. edu/art/fairy • Waterhouse’s Portrait of Miss Margaret Henderson: http: //. cgfa. sunsite. dk/ • Thayer Angel: www. fineartcompanyltd. co. uk