Wireless Networks in the Factory Introduction Fundamentals of

Wireless Networks in the Factory Introduction: Fundamentals of Wireless 9 -Apr-2012 Fanny Mlinarsky octo. Scope, Inc.

Contents Radio technologies Radio propagation Frequency bands 2

Wireless Technologies Standards based Proprietary Smoke detector Baby monitor Alarm panel Motion detector Smart meter 3 Cordless phone Flood/water detector

Personal 802. 15 Bluetooth Zig. Bee 60 GHz UWB GSM, WCDMA, LTE Wide (3 GPP* based) TVWS 802. 22 Regional . 1 f 802. 11 a NAN ad 1 2. 1 802. 11 Wi-Fi Local Metro 802. 16 Wi. MAX 80 LAN = local area networking PAN = personal area networking MAN = metropolitan area networking WAN = wide area networking NAN = neighborhood area network RAN = regional area networking TVWS = television white spaces 3 GPP = 3 rd generation partnership project 4

White Space Technologies DB 1 GPS Satellite DB 2 Mode II Device Geolocation Source: Neal Mellen, TDK Available channels DB 3 5 Mode I Device

Near Field Communications (NFC) • Key benefit: simplicity of use – No configuration by user; data stored in NFC tag automatically triggers application • Use cases include – Poster • NFC tag in the poster automatically triggers the appropriate application in the reading device (e. g. URL stored in poster opens browser on handset) Poster – Mobile payments • Pay with NFC phones at any POS terminal • Store vouchers and coupons in NFC phones – Authentication, access control • Unlock car doors • Secure building access • Secure PC log-in 6 Point of Sale (POS) terminal for mobile payments

Common Access Protocols • TDMA (time division multiple access) – AMPS, GSM • CDMA (code division multiple access) – CDMA, W-CDMA, CDMA-2000 • SDMA (space division multiple access) – MIMO, beamforming, sectorized antennas • FDMA (frequency division multiple access) • OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) • OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) 7

Courtesy of Suresh Goyal & Rich Howard CDMA 8

Power FDMA Channel OFDM Multiple orthogonal carriers Frequency TDMA … Time User 1 User 2 9 User 3 User 4 User 5

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Multiple orthogonal carriers Voltage Wi-Fi Wi. MAX LTE Frequency • OFDM is the most robust signaling scheme for a hostile wireless channel – Works well in the presence of multipath thanks to multi-tone signaling and cyclic prefix (aka guard interval) • OFDM is used in all new wireless standards, including – 802. 11 a, g and draft 802. 11 ac, ad – 802. 16 d, e; 802. 22 – DVB-T, DVB-H, DAB • LTE is the first 3 GPP standard to adopt OFDM 10 DVB = digital video broadcasting DVB-T = DVB terrestrial DVB-H = DVB handheld DAB = digital audio broadcasting LTE = long term evolution

FDMA vs. OFDMA • OFDMA is more frequency efficient than traditional FDMA – Orthogonal subcarriers require no guard bands Guard band Channel FDMA 11 OFDMA

OFDMA is a modulation and access scheme Multiple Access Time OFDM is a modulation scheme Time OFDMA LTE Frequency allocation per user is continuous vs. time User 1 User 2 User 3 Frequency per user is dynamically allocated vs. time slots User 4 User 5 OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing OFDMA = orthogonal frequency division multiple access 12

OFDMA Resource Allocation 180 k. Hz, 12 subcarriers with normal CP User 2 User 1 User 3 User 2 User 1 User 2 User 3 User 2 User 1 Time User 2 LTE User 3 User 1 0. 5 ms 7 symbols with normal CP Resource Block (RB) Frequency • Resources are allocated per user in time and frequency. RB is the basic unit of allocation. • RB is 180 k. Hz by 0. 5 ms; typically 12 subcarriers by 7 OFDM symbols, but the number of subcarriers and symbols can vary based on CP CP = cyclic prefix, explained ahead 13

Resource Block A resource block (RB) is a basic unit of access allocation. RB bandwidth per slot (0. 5 ms) is 12 subcarriers times 15 k. Hz/subcarrier equal to 180 k. Hz. Subcarrier (frequency) 1 slot, 0. 5 ms … LTE Resource block 12 subcarriers … … 14 1 subcarrier v … Resource Element 1 subcarrier QPSK: 2 bits 16 QAM: 4 bits 64 QAM: 6 bits Time

Scalable Channel Bandwidth Channel bandwidth in MHz Transmission bandwidth in RBs LTE Center subcarrier (DC) Channel bw 1. 4 3 5 10 15 20 Transmission bw 1. 08 2. 7 4. 5 9 13. 5 18 6 15 25 50 75 100 # RBs per slot MHz RB = resource block 15

FDD vs. TDD • FDD (frequency division duplex) – Paired channels • TDD (time division duplex) TD-LTE – Single frequency channel for uplink an downlink – Is more flexible than FDD in its proportioning of uplink vs. downlink bandwidth utilization – Can ease spectrum allocation issues DL UL 16

Contents Radio technologies Radio propagation Frequency bands 17

Wireless Channel … … Frequency-variable channel appears flat over the narrow band of an OFDM subcarrier. OFDM = orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 18 Channel Quality • Frequency and time variable wireless channel • Multipath creates a sum of multiple versions of the TX signal at the RX

Wireless Channel Multipath clusters Composite angular spread Per path angular spread Composite angular spread Line of sig h t Multipath and Doppler fading in the channel 19

Path Loss and Multipath Devices supporting antenna diversity or MIMO help mitigate the effects of multipath. • In a wireless channel the signal propagating from TX to RX experiences fading and multipath • Free space loss (flat fading) increases vs. frequency Loss (d. B) = 20 * Log 10 (frequency in MHz) + 20 * Log 10 (distance in miles) + 36. 6 Path loss in free space Distance 5. 8 GHz 2. 4 GHz 915 MHz 160 feet 81 d. B 74 d. B 65 d. B Fading can be ‘flat’ or it can have multipath Multipath can be caused components by mobile or stationary reflectors. Multipath fading component In ideal free space propagation, range doubles for every 6 d. B of path loss. Typically 6 -9 d. B of increase in link budget doubles outdoor range and 9 -12 d. B increase in link budget doubles indoor range. 20 +10 d. B -15 d. B flat fading component Time MIMO = multiple input multiple output

Cyclic Prefix ↔ Guard Interval Guard interval > delay spread in the channel Useful data TS copy • The OFDM symbol is extended by repeating the end of the symbol in the beginning. This extension is called the Cyclic Prefix (CP) or Guard Interval (GI). • CP is a guard interval that allows multipath reflections from the previous symbol to settle prior to receiving the current symbol. CP has to be greater than the delay spread in the channel. • CP minimizes Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and Inter Carrier Interference (ICI) making the data easier to recover. 21

Multiple Antenna Techniques • SISO (Single Input Single Output) Traditional radio • MISO (Multiple Input Single Output) Transmit diversity (STBC, SFBC, CDD) • SIMO (Single Input Multiple Output) Receive diversity, MRC • MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) SM to transmit multiple streams simultaneously; can be used in conjunction with CDD; works best in high SNR environments and channels de-correlated by multipath TX and RX diversity, used independently or together; used to enhance throughput in the presence of adverse channel conditions • Beamforming SM = spatial multiplexing SFBC = space frequency block coding STBC = space time block coding CDD = cyclic delay diversity MRC = maximal ratio combining SM = Spatial Multiplexing SNR = signal to noise ratio 22

Nx. M MIMO systems are typically described as Nx. M, where N is the number of transmitters and M is the number of receivers. TX 2 x 2 MIMO radio channel RX TX TX RX RX 2 x 2 radio 23

Fresnel Zone r Source: Wikipedia http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fresnel_zone D • • Fresnel zone is the shape of electromagnetic signal and is a function of frequency The higher the frequency the smaller the radius of the Fresnel zone Constricting Fresnel zone introduces attenuation and signal distortion Fresnel zone considerations favor higher frequencies, but path loss considerations favor lower frequencies of operation 24 r = radius in feet D = distance in miles f = frequency in GHz Example: D = 0. 5 mile r = 30 feet for 700 MHz r = 16 feet for 2. 4 GHz r = 10 feet for 5. 8 GHz

Contents Radio technologies Radio propagation Frequency bands 25

Standards-based proprietary Key Unlicensed Services IEEE 802. 11 (Wi-Fi) operates in the ISM-2400 and ISM-5800 bands and in the 5800 UNII band; recently standardized for 36503700 contention band IEEE 802. 16 (Wi. MAX) operates in the UNII/ISM band in the 3500 -3700 MHz contention band UWB based Wi. Media is a shortrange network operating in the noise floor of other services ISM-900 traditionally used for consumer devices such as cordless phones, garage openers and baby monitors, now also used on smart meters Cordless phones 26 FCC spectrum allocation chart http: //www. ntia. doc. gov/osmhome/allochrt. PDF

Unlicensed Bands and Services Frequency range Bandwidth Band Notes Europe 30 MHz Amateur US 868 -870 MHz 2 MHz ISM Europe 902– 928 MHz Americas, Australia, Israel ISM 420– 450 MHz European analog of the ISM-900 band 433. 05 – 434. 79 MHz 1. 74 MHz 26 MHz ISM-900 Region 2 2. 4– 2. 5 GHz 100 MHz ISM-2400 5. 15– 5. 35 GHz 200 MHz UNII-1, 2 5. 47– 5. 725 GHz 255 MHz 5. 725– 5. 875 GHz 150 MHz 24– 24. 25 GHz 250 MHz 57 -64 GHz 59 -66 GHz 7 GHz International allocations UNII-2 ext. (see slides 7, ISM-5800 8 for details) UNII-3 ISM US, Europe ISM US Europe ISM = industrial, scientific and medical UNII = unlicensed national information infrastructure 27 Medical devices Remote control RFID and other unlicensed services Smart meters, remote control, baby monitors, cordless phones 802. 11 b/g/n, Bluetooth 802. 15. 4 (Bluetooth, Zig. Bee), cordless phones 802. 11 a/n, cordless phones Emerging 802. 11 ad 802. 15. 3 c, ECMA-387 Wireless. HD

ISM and UNII Bands Bandwidth (MHz) 26 83. 5 Max Power Max EIRP ISM-900 ISM-2400 Freq. Range (MHz) 902 -928 2400 -2483. 5 1 Watt ISM-5800 UNII-1 UNII-2 ext UNII-3/ISM 5725 -5850 5150 -5250 -5350 5470– 5725 -5825 100 100 255 100 1 Watt 50 m. W 250 m. W 1 Watt 4 Watt (+36 d. Bm) 4 Watt for Pt. MP, 200 Watt for Pt. P 200 W (+53 d. Bm) 200 m. W 1 Watt 200 Watt For frequency hopping services regulatory requirements also include dwell times, which impact the power spectrum. To operate in the 5 GHz bands radios must comply with the DFS and TPC protocol of 802. 11 h. EIRP = equivalent isotropically radiated power Pt. MP = point to multipoint Pt. P = point to point DFS = Dynamic Frequency Selection TPC = Transmitter Power Control 28

A Band 17 Band 12 US (FCC) White Spaces 54 -72, 76 -88, 174 -216, 470 -692 MHz B Acqu ir AT&T ed by UHF Spectrum CH 52 -59, 692 -746 MHz D E B C A C Band 17 Band 12 Low 700 MHz band European (ECC) White Spaces (470 -790 MHz) 0 100 200 300 A 400 500 600 700 High 700 MHz band B 800 900 MHz A CH 60 -69, 746 -806 MHz ECC = Electronic Communications Committee 29 B

High 700 MHz Band D-Block MHz 758 763 775 Band 13 788 793 805 Band 13 Band 14 Guard band Public Safety Broadband (763 -768, 793 -798 MHz) Public Safety Narrowband (769 -775, 799 -805 MHz), local LMR = land mobile radio 30

LTE Frequency Bands - FDD Band Source: 3 GPP TS 36. 104; V 10. 1. 0 (2010 -12) Uplink (UL) Downlink (DL) Regions 1 1920 -1980 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz Europe, Asia 2 1850 -1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz Americas, Asia 3 4 5 1710 -1785 MHz 1710 -1755 MHz 824 -849 MHz 1805 -1880 MHz 2110 - 2155 MHz 869 - 894 MHz Europe, Asia, Americas 6 830 - 840 MHz 875 - 885 MHz Japan 7 2500 - 2570 MHz 2620 - 2690 MHz Europe, Asia 8 880 - 915 MHz 925 - 960 MHz Europe, Asia 9 10 1749. 9 - 1784. 9 MHz 1710 -1770 MHz 1844. 9 - 1879. 9 MHz 2110 - 2170 MHz Japan Americas 11 1427. 9 - 1452. 9 MHz 1475. 9 - 1500. 9 MHz Japan 12 698 - 716 MHz 728 - 746 MHz Americas 13 777 - 787 MHz 746 - 756 MHz Americas (Verizon) 14 17 18 19 20 21 788 - 798 MHz 758 - 768 MHz Americas (D-Block, public safety) 704 - 716 MHz 815 – 830 MHz 830 – 845 MHz 832 – 862 MHz 1447. 9 – 1462. 9 MHz 734 - 746 MHz 860 – 875 MHz 875 – 890 MHz 791 – 821 MHz 1495. 9 – 1510. 9 MHz Americas (AT&T) 31

LTE Frequency Bands - TDD TD-LTE Band 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 UL and DL 1900 - 1920 MHz 2010 - 2025 MHz 1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz 1910 - 1930 MHz 2570 - 2620 MHz 1880 - 1920 MHz 2300 – 2400 MHz 2496 – 2690 MHz 3400 – 3600 MHz 3600 – 3800 MHz Regions Europe, Asia (not Japan) Europe, Asia Europe China Europe, Asia Americas (Clearwire LTE) Source: 3 GPP TS 36. 104; V 10. 1. 0 (2010 -12) 32

Wi. MAX Frequency Bands - TDD Band Class 1 2 3 4 5 7 (GHz) BW (MHZ) 2. 3 -2. 4 8. 75 5 AND 10 2. 305 -2. 320, 2. 345 -2. 360 3. 5 5 10 3. 5 AND 10 2. 496 -2. 69 5 AND 10 3. 3 -3. 4 5 7 10 3. 4 -3. 8 5 7 10 0. 698 -0. 862 5 AND 7 AND 10 8 MHz 33 Bandwidth Certification Group Code (BCG) 1. A 1. B 2. A (Obsolete, replaced by 2. D) 2. B (Obsolete, replaced by 2. D) 2. C (Obsolete, replaced by 2. D) 2. D 3. A 4. A 4. B 4. C 5. A 5. B 5. C 7. A 7. F Wi. MAX Forum Mobile Certification Profile v 1. 1. 0 A universal frequency step size of 250 KHz is recommended for all band classes, while 200 KHz step size is also recommended for band class 3 in Europe.

Wi. MAX Frequency Bands - FDD Source: Wi. MAX Forum Mobile Certification Profile R 1 5 v 1. 3. 0 Band Class (GHz)BW (MHZ) 2 2. 305 -2. 320, 2. 345 -2. 360 2 x 3. 5 AND 2 x 10 5 UL, 10 DL 2. 496 -2. 690 2 x 5 AND 2 x 10 3. 4 -3. 8 2 x 5 AND 2 x 7 AND 2 x 10 1. 710 -2. 170 FDD 3 5 6 7 8 2 x 5 AND 2 x 10 AND Optional 2 x 20 MHz 2 x 5 AND 2 x 10 MHz 0. 698 -0. 960 2 x 5 AND 2 x 10 2 x 5 2 x 10 5 AND 7 AND 10 (TDD), 2 x 5 AND 2 x 7 AND 2 x 10 (HFDD) 2 x 5 AND 2 x 10 MHz 1. 710 -2. 170 TDD 5 AND 10 Duplexing Mode MS Transmit Band (MHz) BS Transmit Band BS MS (MHz) Certification Group Code FDD HFDD 2345 -2360 2305 -2320 2. E** 2. F** FDD HFDD 2496 -2572 2614 -2690 3. B FDD HFDD 3400 -3500 3500 -3600 5. D FDD HFDD 1710 -1770 1920 -1980 2110 -2170 6. A 6. B FDD HFDD 1710 -1785 1805 -1880 6. C FDD FDD TDD or FDD HFDD Dual Mode TDD/H-FDD 776 -787 788 -793 AND 793 -798 788 -798 698 -862 746 -757 758 -763 AND 763 -768 758 -768 698 -862 7. B 7. C 7. D 7. E* FDD HFDD 880 -915 925 -960 7. G TDD 1785 -1805, 18801920, 1910 -1930, 2010 -2025 8. A 34

Global Unlicensed Bands Summary Frequency Band Considerations 433 MHz Supported by most regions; < 2 MHz of bandwidth available; voice, video, audio and continuous data transmission are not allowed in US; commonly used for keyless entry systems and remote control 868 /915 MHz Single design takes care of 80% of the market, including Europe, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand other regions; long range and lower power consumption than in 2. 4 GHz and higher frequency bands 2. 4 GHz Popular international band; tends to be busy with interference from Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and cordless phones 5. 8 GHz High cost and power consumption; low range compared to sub-1 GHz bands 60 GHz Suitable for emerging uncompressed video and high speed short range data networking applications; high power consumption and high cost expected 35

Next Session Part II: What You Need to Know about 802. 11 • When: April 10 th at 2 p. m. Thank you! Please see more info and white papers at www. octoscope. com 36