Wireless e-Business RFID Introduction LING Zong, Ph. D. IBM Software Group San Jose, California, U. S. A.
http: //software. nju. edu. cn/lingzong About Speaker LING Zong (凌棕), Ph. D. Senior Engineer/Scientist Almaden Research Center/IBM Software Group San Jose, California, U. S. A. Routine Work: 1. (60%) Research and Development Ø On E-Business Data Storage Management 2. (25%) Critical Customer Service Ø For Special Weapon Attack Team (SWAT) 3. (10%) Global Training Ø As Technical Sessions or Academic Lectures 4. (5%) Consultation Ø For Venture Capital Investment in the Silicon Valley 2
Outline § General Description § Market Overview § Industry Overview § The IT § The Future 3
General Description 4
What is RFID? Reader Tags §Radio Frequency Identification, a means of identifying a unique object or person using a radio frequency transmission - RFID tags are affixed to objects and stored information may be written and rewritten to an embedded chip in the tag - Tags can be read remotely when they detect a radio frequency signal from a reader over a range of distances - Readers then either send tag information over the enterprise network to back-end systems for processing or display it to the end user 5
RFID Tag technologies § Components of a tag: - Chip Antenna Packaging § Different types of RFID tags - Power source Ø Passive tags Ø Active tags Ø Semi-active tags - Read/write capability Ø Read Only Ø Write Once/Read Many (WORM) Ø Read/Write 6
RFID Reader technologies § There are three basic choices for reader technology – based on the job or type of work to be performed Stationary n Entrances - portals n Conveyors across assembly lines n Points of sale n Overhead 7 Mobile n Hand-held n Wireless or batch n One-piece or two piece tagging PCMCIA n Mobile service agent
What are the advantages of RFID? Barcode Efficiency Ability to read one tag at a time (line of sight required) Ability to read multiple tags simultaneously (no line of sight required) Dependability Labels easily damaged Tags less susceptible to damage Can be used in harsher environments Data Capacity Limited amount of data can be assigned Significantly higher data capacity to capture detailed information about product Flexibility 8 RFID Static information Potential for read / write capability, making tags reusable
What are the challenges? 1. Relatively high cost 2. Lack of standards 3. Occasional no-reads and mis-reads 4. Software integration hurdles 5. Requisite physical infrastructure 9
Where are we at? § RFID is small enough, fast enough, and cheap enough to do real work with today. - - - 10 A great deal of innovation has brought us to the point where the silicon core of an radio tag is now 0. 4 mm. The antenna can be printed onto a product’s packaging at time of manufacture. Currently radio tags can be purchased for less that $0. 25 in quantity.
Examples of RFID tag products Spider 2450 Mhz tag from RFCode Intellitag 915 Mhz tags from Intermec Technologies Family of low-frequency tags from Texas Instruments 2450 Mhz Backscatter tag from Alien Technologies 11 13. 56 Mhz tag with largest storage capacity (4 KBytes) from Hitachi Maxell Smallest 13. 56 Mhz EPC tags from Tag. Sys
Examples of RFID reader products? 1555 Handheld serial readers from Intermec Technologies 902 -928 Mhz serial stationary reader from Matrics 12 915 Mhz Network stationary reader (with antenna) from Alien Technologies 303. 8 Mhz Mantis wireless LAN reader from RFCode S 6410 Serial reader from Texas Instruments
The Electronic Product Code (EPC) § What is e. PC - A product numbering scheme Assign a number to each item EPC™ - variable length product identification code Header Domain Class Instance § EPC resides in an RFID tag § Real-time information related to each object is stored and accessed via the internet § It is an open, standards-based system that facilitates collaboration among partners in the value chain - 13 Adopted across industries (Coca-Cola, Wal-Mart, Philip, UPS…)
The Electronic Product Code (EPC) § How does it work? 14
Market Overview 15
Market trigger: Wal-Mart expands RFID mandate to include all suppliers by 2006 RFID Journal: Wal-Mart Draws a Line in the Sand § In June, Wal-Mart required its top 100 suppliers to have products on pallets employing RFID chips and in cases with RFID chips beginning in January 2005 -Pilot ramp-up in 2004 – starting with ~20 suppliers in Jan. ’ 04. -Regional implementation roll-out – start with Texas region ( 3 DCs, ~150 stores) -By January ’ 05 - ALL products flowing through Texas region for Top 100+ -DSD and DC, all impacted formats, including SAMS Club § Wal-Mart has indicated it would start deploying Electronic Product Code (EPC) technology in the United States and then quickly move to implement it in Europe, then the rest of the world. § In August, Wal-Mart announced it would require all suppliers to implement RFID systems by 2006 Source: RFID Journal. 16
Market trigger: U. S. Do. D will require suppliers to use active and passive RFID technology by 2005 § DOD memo: “The DOD will be an early adopter of innovative RFID technology that leverages the Electronic Product Code (EPC) and compatible tags. Our policy will require suppliers to put passive RFID tags on lowest possible service part/case/pallet packing by January 2005. We also plan to require RFID tags on key high-value items” § The new policy expands active RFID tracking of all: -sustainment cargo -unit movement cargo -ammunition shipments -pre-positioned materials and supplies. Military Usages! 17 Source: RFID Journal.
What is RFID global market volume? l Based on estimates from Venture Development Corp. , ABI, Yankee Group, and AMR, IBM estimates the RFID market compound annual growth rate at approximately 34% l IBM estimates total market to grow from $2. 2 billion in global revenue in 2005 to more than $5. 3 billion by 2008 l Recent market triggers such as Wal-Mart, Tesco, U. S. Dept. of Defence, Target decisions to implement RFID systems are expected to accelerate market adoption 18 Source: IBM estimates using inputs from Venture Development Corp. , ABI Yankee Group, AMR
RFID global demand in 2002 19
Market drivers Market Economic Physical / Technical Standards Social / Political 20 éIncreasing end-user knowledge of RFID technology, its applications, and its advantages éEmerging and growing markets for different RFID applications across multiple industries éDemand driven by large retailer requirements, CPG and supply chain vendors’ investment éIndustry systems integration and process expertise developing éRapidly decreasing cost of RFID tags and readers éTechnology is beginning to mature éTechnical and physical interoperability, interference and data overload issues will be overcome through 2004 -2005 éChip and frequency standards are expected to evolve globally éIndustry-wide standards for many applications leading to interoperability amongst different manufacturers’ products, including hardware éGovernment requirements for cross-border trade éRegulatory mandates
Market Inhibitors Market Economic Physical / Technical Standards Social / Political 21 êAvailability of skilled RFID experts êOver hyped value propositions, business cases, and timelines êData ownership and security êRFID tags are still expensive compared to barcodes (approx. $0. 25) êImplementation and back-end integration costs are very high êROI may not be immediate êCountry-specific idiosyncrasies in regards to spectrum bands êTag and reader incompatibilities still exists between rival manufacturers êRead reliability still needs improvement. êRFID signals can be blocked in certain environments (e. g. , liquids, metals) êData loads produced by RFID systems could overload company systems êLack of flexible and global standards êClass 1 Generation 2 tags not available until late 2004/early 2005; EPC and ISO standards at odds until then êCross-company data sharing model has not been defined. êEnd-user acceptance: Privacy, for example, remains a concern
Industry Overview 22
Some players in the global industry Systems Management Domain Tagged Object Domain Philips Intermec Alien Texas Insts Avery Dennison Printronix Zebra Matrics Savi SAMSys Wherenet Wavetrend Blue. Soft Antenna & Reader Domain Alien AWID Intermec Matrics Symbol Tag. SYS Savi Texas Insts Samsys Wavetrend FEIG Blue. Soft Edge Domain Premises Domain Business Process Integration Domain IBM OAT Systems Connect. Terra Savi Wherenet IBM OAT Systems Savi SAP Enterprise & Business Application Domain IBM SAP Object Directory Domain IBM Security & Privacy Management Veri. Sign IBM RFID System Integrators IBM, Intel, IPI, Intellident Hardware Providers IBM Infrastructure & Storage IBM Application Management & Strategic Outsourcing 23 IBM
Standardization efforts § ISO 14443 – Proximity cards (smart wallet security) § ISO 15693 – Vicinity cards (ID-only cards) - http: //www. 14443. org § Global TAG (GTAG) Auto. ID Inc. § Auto-ID Center Auto. ID Inc. - http: //www. uc-council. org/autoid § Ubiquitous ID Center (Japan) - http: //uidcenter. com § See the Auto. ID Inc. FAQ!!! 24
Which frequency should I use? § High frequency (13. 56 MHz) - - Most governments have set aside this range for high frequency RFID Suffers from short read ranges § TI Laundry Tag - 25 12 inch read range 50 tags per second
![Which frequency should I use? § “[UHF is] the only frequency band that provides](https://present5.com/presentation/5a7045ca0118c778db5a8ed98692c15a/image-26.jpg "Which frequency should I use? § “[UHF is] the only frequency band that provides")
Which frequency should I use? § “[UHF is] the only frequency band that provides the extended read range needed to track goods in a supply chain setting”. RFID Journal, June 30, 2003 § Concentrate on UHF for supply chain applications in the future - USA and Canada Europe Japan 915 MHz 868 MHz (with a special license) 950 -956 MHz (perhaps 902 -928 MHz) Just announced!!! § Much work is being done to achieve globally compatible frequencies in the UHF band. - 26 Active lobbying is in progress to encourage the EU to allow more power, longer duty cycles, etc. (EAN is leading this effort) Lobbying of Chinese and Japanese government, etc. Future frequency agile tags and readers should operate on global basis in UHF band.
Which frequency should I use? § 2. 4 to 2. 483 GHz (Ethernet/Blue. Tooth range) No license required - Lot’s of existing traffic in this range - Batteries required - Typical Read Range, Indoors. . 100 m (350 ft) - Typical Read Range, Outdoors. . . . 300 m (1000 ft) - Typical Battery Life. . . 7 years - § If the blink rate is set to once every 6 minutes § Where. Net is a big proponent of this technology 27
Which frequency should I use? § An RF site survey should be considered to determine which frequencies would operate best for the product, operating environment and legal environment. § Multiple readers may be required until all trading partners harmonize their RFID products!!! § Metals and di-electric fluids pose problems and will require physics expertise. 28
What different tag technologies exist? § Read Only - e. g. Auto-ID Class 0 tag Impractical for large manufacturing § Write Once/Read Many (WORM) - e. g. Auto-ID Class 1 tag Good balance of price/performance w/ data security § Read/Write - 29 e. g. Auto-ID Class 2 tag Powerful, flexible Potential security issues
What different tag technologies exist? § Passive - No onboard power supply (battery) Uses the power emitted by the reader – limited read range (6 meters) Long lifetime (no moving parts, etc. ) § Active - Uses an onboard battery Battery limits the tag’s lifetime Did product disappear or did its battery die? § Semi-Active (Semi-Passive) 30 Like an Active tag but battery inactive until in presence of a reader Sleep mode helps the battery last much longer
What are the top 10 facts about the RFID market and industry? 1. 2. Right now, the market is more attractive for customers than suppliers. RFID is a technology solution in search of a problem, and there is also an industry problem in search of a solution. 3. The general industry is chasing volume, hoping that with greater volume comes much lower costs … and prices. 4. The market growth rate depends most on the price decline rate. 5. The industry and market suffer from too few standards. 6. Integration issues, from culture to software, are evident… and often painful. 7. Distribution channel problems are impeding growth. 8. As of today, there is no killer application… but the killer app may ultimately reside in the homeland security market. 9. Profitable niches do exist for suppliers. 10. Customers will continue to benefit from the intelligent application of RFID technology. 31
What are the key trends in the RFID industry? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The industry is fragmented but showing some signs of consolidation The barriers to entry are gradually increasing, but they are still low. Competitor rivalry is high in some segments. In general, customers have significant bargaining power over suppliers. RFID is a technology solution in search of a problem. There is also an industry problem in search of a solution. Price pressure is severe… and increasing. Over the past three years, segments of the industry have suffered from occasional overcapacity and oversupply. 9. Too-few distribution channels continue as a major impediment to growth. 10. There is growing interest in RFID for homeland security applications. 32
The IT 33
Linking Two Worlds Middleware Server Edge Server Information Technology Physics RFID links the world of Physics to the world of Information Technology in order to allow computers to sense the real world. Reader Antennas Tags on Product 34 The Physics challenges and IT challenges of building RFID Systems are about equal. We should focus on the IT challenges and partner with others to overcome the physics challenges
Sample RFID Network Significant Product Movement Events Middleware Server Dedicated Ethernet, 802. 11 Edge Server Network Multiple Edge Servers per Middleware Server Item EPC, Antenna ID, Reader EPC, Timestamp Serial, Dedicated Ethernet, 802. 11 Multiple Readers per Edge Server Reader Network Item EPC, Antenna ID Coax cable Multiple Antennas per Reader Antenna Network Item EPC Multiple Products per Antenna 35
RFID vs. Auto-ID § Auto-ID focused on cheap, interoperable tags and readers § Very small read only tags with printed antennas § Very inexpensive (dumb) readers § The tag should only contain a unique identifier which when used with a global system for fast database lookup, provides secure data on the object. § Interoperable multi-frequency tags and multi frequency readers § Focus on IT issues § Data capture at a massive scale § Leaving raw data close to readers § Quickly turning data into actionable information § Distributed decision making § Enterprise integration 36
Definition of the IBM solution § “Monitor, Decide, Take Action” § Monitor (focus: cheap) § Massive data acquisition at the edge of the network (think Wal-Mart) § Low cost (Linux, OSGi) servers just upstream of the readers § Decide (focus: distributed) § Use rules engines and mobile agents to analyze § Object characteristics § Object location § Object history § Information from other enterprise systems § Take Action (focus: flexible integration) § Notify users via actuators (warning lights, security gates, etc. ) § Send events to Enterprise Applications via Integration Server § Send transactions to trading partners (EDI, eb. XML, etc) 37
Trading Partners (Advanced Ship Notices) SAP Retek etc. IBM Data Synch UCCnet (item synchronization) AS 1 EDI transactions eb. XML transactions Product Catalog Existing Enterprise Applications Integration Server Auto-ID Services PML Service Middleware Server Layer Edge Server Layer RFID Physics 38 Data Capture Data Smoothing Data Logging Immediate Response Tasks ONS Server Item EPC, Antenna ID, Reader EPC, Timestamp
Trading Partners (Advanced Ship Notices) SAP Retek etc. IBM Data Synch UCCnet (item synchronization) AS 1 EDI transactions eb. XML transactions Product Catalog Existing Enterprise Applications Integration Server Auto-ID Services Monitor PML Service Middleware Server Layer Edge Server Layer RFID Physics 39 Data Capture Data Smoothing Data Logging Immediate Response Tasks ONS Server Item EPC, Antenna ID, Reader EPC, Timestamp
Trading Partners (Advanced Ship Notices) SAP Retek etc. IBM Data Synch UCCnet (item synchronization) AS 1 EDI transactions eb. XML transactions Product Catalog Existing Enterprise Applications Integration Server Decide Auto-ID Services PML Service Middleware Server Layer Edge Server Layer RFID Physics 40 Data Capture Data Smoothing Data Logging Immediate Response Tasks ONS Server Item EPC, Antenna ID, Reader EPC, Timestamp
Trading Partners (Advanced Ship Notices) SAP Retek etc. AS 1 EDI transactions IBM Data Synch UCCnet (item synchronization) Take Action eb. XML transactions Product Catalog Existing Enterprise Applications Integration Server Auto-ID Services PML Service Middleware Server Layer Edge Server Layer RFID Physics 41 Data Capture Data Smoothing Data Logging Immediate Response Tasks ONS Server Item EPC, Antenna ID, Reader EPC, Timestamp
Management Service Directory Service Console for monitoring health of all Servers, Readers, and Antennas Directory of all Edge Servers and Assigned Tasks Middleware Server Layer Edge Servers monitor Readers Edge Server Layer RFID Physics 42 Application Integration Service Connections to Enterprise Application and Trading Partners
IBM RFID High-Level Architecture Systems Management Domain Antenna and Reader Domain Edge Domain Premises Domain Enterprise & Business Application Domain Business Process Integration Domain RFID Accelerators Dock Door Reader RFID Label / Tag Printers Visual Indicators RFID Controller Web. Sphere Embedded Software w/ IBM RFID enablement Note: Readers, printers, visual indicators, switches/sensors to be provided by third party Product Information Services EPC, WPC IBM SWG Accelerators MQe Switches and Sensors 43 Portal Server DB 2 Data Base Conveyor Belt Reader Handheld / Portable Reader Object Directory Domain RFID Premises Server Business Events MQ RFID Integration Server XML or MQ ERP WMS SCM § WAS J 2 EE platform § MQ Reliable Messaging § DB 2 § IBM RFID Software § WBI Publish/Subscribe XML Message Broker MQ § WBI Integration Connectors § Tivoli Remote Management
IT: Big rules for success It is essential that: • Always architect for massive scale (Wal-Mart store) • Devices must be • Plug and work • Authenticated • Remotely manageable • Remotely upgradeable • Users must be • Authenticated around the globe • Authenticated across trading partners 44
The Future 45
What is the market opportunities for IBM across brands? § Hardware § Inexpensive Linux platforms for initial edge servers § Massive redundant storage required for track and trace § Large server opportunities for Auto-ID Middleware § Enterprise Application Integration § Automatic transactions § Software § Message Queue (message routing between edge and data center) § DB 2 (massive data archiving for track and trace, data management) § Web. Sphere (Enterprise Application Integration and automatic B 2 B) § Tivoli (remote monitoring, configuration, update of readers) § Services § Business Cases § ITS Deployment Consulting § Enterprise and B 2 B Integration Services § Device and User Security Services 46
Advanced Infrastructure: U. S. Forest Service Field truck - Adhoc Network to Fight Forest Fires Card US FS IR satellite imagery of fire USFS Truck Firefighting field team Graphic overlay of fire line 30 mph Wind direction/ speed indicator Firefighters Trailer User Key Alliance Partner: Command center trailer 47
The future is pervasive… § Complex network of sensors monitor road conditions including fog, road moisture § Speed limits and road warnings are automatically set § Condition information sent directly to vehicles 48
The future is pervasive… § Sensors on the bus and in the roadway report a potential accident § Sensor data and real time images are transferred to the E 911 dispatch center § Traffic signal control is modified to begin routing around the incident 49
The future is pervasive… § Predefined automated incident response plan for public transit traffic incidents is activated § Nearest police, fire and emergency medical assets are activated § Traffic signal control facilitates arrival of first 50 responders
The future is pervasive… § Transit dispatch uses fixed cameras, sensors and on scene reports to determine that the bus is inoperative § A substitute bus is dispatched § System wide schedule information is updated at bus stops and to rider accessible information systems § A connecting light rail train is held five minutes to accommodate the delay 51
Why IBM? Know-how Business Consulting Services, Systems Integrations, High Volume systems, High Availability, Telecom Hardware & Software Web. Sphere, WESM, WEA, w. BI, MQ Series, DB 2, x. Series, p. Series, storage, … Infrastructure on demand e. Business on Demand, hosting, managed storage, and network management on demand Open Standards 3 GPP, MMS, SMS, WAP, SMPP, HTTP, SOAP, Parlay, SIP Partnerships Technology WDE and SPDE architecture, research, patent leader, test labs 52 Air 2 Web, QPASS, Openwave, Nokia, Real Networks, Sun, Cisco, Veritas
What the Industry is Saying ? “In an environment characterized by uncertainty and skepticism, IBM remains committed to improving the way in which people live. IBM is at the forefront of initiatives that have the potential to shape the commuting and communications landscape for the next decade. ” Meg Follmer, IDC 53
www. ibm. com/solutions/wireless 54
zong@us. ibm. com 55
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