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William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7 th Edition Chapter 2 -1 Basic Understanding William Stallings Computer Organization and Architecture 7 th Edition Chapter 2 -1 Basic Understanding of von Nuemann Architecture

von Neumann/Turing • • Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU von Neumann/Turing • • Stored Program concept Main memory storing programs and data ALU operating on binary data Control unit interpreting instructions from memory and executing • Input and output equipment operated by control unit • Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies —IAS • Completed 1952

Structure of von Neumann machine Structure of von Neumann machine

IAS - details • 1000 x 40 bit words — Binary number — 2 IAS - details • 1000 x 40 bit words — Binary number — 2 x 20 bit instructions • Set of registers (storage in CPU) — Memory Buffer Register — Memory Address Register — Instruction Buffer Register — Program Counter — Accumulator — Multiplier Quotient

Structure of IAS – detail Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Input-output Equipment 000000000000 AC MQ Structure of IAS – detail Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Input-output Equipment 000000000000 AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 000000000000 Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … 000000000000 MBR 000000000000 PC 000000 IR 000000 MAR Control Circuits … IBR 000000000000 Control Signals Control Unit 20 20 00000000 000000000000 00000000 000000000000 00000000 000000000000 00000000 000000000000 00000000 000000000000 00000000 000000000000 00000000 000000000000 00000000 000000000000 00000000 000000000000 000000000000 … 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 000000000000 999

Structure of IAS – Operation Example C Program Example main(){ } Assembly Program Example Structure of IAS – Operation Example C Program Example main(){ } Assembly Program Example DATA int x, y, z; X Y x = 2; Z y = 3; DATA z = 3 x - 2 y; CODE SEGMENT DW ? ENDS DATA X Y Z DATA SEGMENT 0 1 2 ENDS SEGMENT MOV X, 2 MOV Y, 3 MOV AX, X ADD AX, X SUB AX, Y MOV Z, AX ENDS CODE MOV 1: AX m(x) or 상수 MOV 2: AX m(x) CODE SEGMENT 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 ENDS Instruction Set 10000000 10000001 10000010 10000011 … … MOV 1 MOV 2 ADD SUB Machine Language Example CODE ? ? ?

Operation Example – Load Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Operation Example – Load Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR PC 0000011 IBR IR 00000000 000000000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 0 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 0 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR PC 0000011 IBR IR 00000000 000000000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 0 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 0 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR 100000000010 10000001 000000 PC 0000011 IBR 00000000 000000000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 10000001 000000000011 MAR … IR Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 0 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 0 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR PC 0000011 10000000 IR 00000000 000000000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 10000010 MAR Control Circuits … IBR 10000001 000000 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 0 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 0 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 0000010 20 MBR PC 00000100 0000011 10000000 IR 00000000 000000000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 10000010 MAR Control Circuits … IBR 10000001 000000 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 0 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 0 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 0000010 20 MBR PC 00000100 IBR Control Circuits 00000000 000000000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 000000 MAR … 10000001 IR 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 1 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 1 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR PC 00000100 IBR IR 00000000000010 00000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 1 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 1 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR 100000000011 10000001 PC 00000100 IBR IR 00000000000010 00000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 1 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 1 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR PC 00000100 10000000 IR 00000000000010 00000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 10000011 MAR Control Circuits … IBR 10000001 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 1 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 1 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 0000011 20 MBR PC 00000101 00000100 IBR 10000001 IR 00000000000010 00000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 1 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 1 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 0000011 20 MBR PC 00000101 IBR 10000001 IR 00000000000010 00000000 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 0000001 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 2 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 2 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR PC 00000101 IBR IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 2 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 2 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR 10000000 10000010 000000 PC 00000101 IBR IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 2 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 2 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC MQ Arithmetic Logic Circuits 20 MBR PC 00000101 10000000 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 000000 MAR Control Circuits … IBR 10000010 000000 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 2 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 2 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 00000000000010 MQ 20 MBR PC 00000110 00000101 IBR 10000010 000000 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 2 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 2 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 00000000000010 00000100 MQ 20 MBR PC 00000110 IBR 10000010 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 000000 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 3 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 3 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 000000000000100 MQ 20 MBR PC 00000110 IBR IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 3 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 3 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 000000000000100 MQ 20 MBR 10000010 000000 10000011 0000001 PC 00000110 IBR IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 3 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 3 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 000000000000100 00000110 MQ 20 MBR PC 00000110 10000010 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 000000 MAR Control Circuits … IBR 10000011 0000001 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 3 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 3 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 000000000000110 MQ 20 MBR PC 00000111 00000110 IBR 10000011 0000001 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 3 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 3 -RH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 0000011 000000000000110 MQ 20 MBR PC 00000111 IBR 10000011 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 0000001 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 4 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Operation Example – Fetch Instruction 4 Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 00000000000011 MQ 20 MBR PC 00000111 IBR IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 4 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 4 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 00000000000011 MQ 20 MBR 10000011 0000001 100000011 PC 00000111 IBR IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 4 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 4 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 0000011 000000000000 MQ 20 MBR PC 00000111 10000011 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 0000001 MAR Control Circuits … IBR 100000011 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Fetch I 4 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Operation Example – Fetch I 4 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 000000000000 MQ 20 MBR PC 00001000 00000111 IBR 100000011 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 100000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999

Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 4 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit Operation Example – Decode & Execute I 4 -LH Input-output Equipment Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) Hard Disk, Keyboard, Screen, Printer, … AC Arithmetic Logic Circuits 000000000000 MQ 20 MBR PC 0000001000 IBR 10000001 IR 00000000000010 00000000000011 000000000000 100000000010 10000001 000000 100000000011 10000001 1000000000000 10000010 000000 10000011 000000000001 10000001 000000000011 MAR … Control Circuits 20 Control Signals Control Unit … 0 1 2 3 (0) 4 (1) 5 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 999