William Shakespeare Born 1564 in Stratford upon Avon

William Shakespeare Born 1564 in Stratford upon Avon, England…April 23 rd

Shakespeare…the facts Parents were John —glovemaker, local politician and Mary —daughter of wealthy landowner Shakespeare had 7 brothers and sisters Shakespeare’s house

Shakespeare…the facts Spelling not yet standardized, thus name spelled in different ways • Shakespeare, Shakspere, Shackspere, Shaxper, Shagspere, Shaxberd, etc.

King’s New School – Shakespeare’s school From: http: //perso. wanadoo. fr/danielle. esposito/

Married Life Married in November, 1582, to Anne Hathaway Anne was pregnant at the time First daughter Susanna born in May, 1583 Twins (Hamnet and Judith) christened on February 2, 1585 No documentary evidence between 15851592 Sometime in this period, he moved to London and began working in theatre.

Anne Hathaway’s Cottage From: http: //perso. wanadoo. fr/danielle. esposito/

Introduction Throughout the middle ages plays were performed by workers in towns and were religious based, often retelling stories from the Bible. Elizabethan writers introduced theatre audiences to horror, the supernatural and GORE…

Elizabethan Playwrights The most well known playwright of Elizabethan times is Shakespeare. But there were also other writers who in their time were just as, or even more famous than the Bard.

Theater Career Member and later part-owner of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men Theaters in London closed from 1593 -1594 due to the plague

Theater Career After the accession of James I in 1603, the company was granted permission to change its name to the King’s Men London theatres: Blackfriars, Rose, Swan, Curtain, Globe Wrote during the reigns of Queen Elizabeth (Elizabethan period) and King James I (Jacobean period) Queen Elizabeth

The Globe Theatre Globe built in 1599 by the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, with Shakespeare as a primary investor Burned down in 1613 during a production of Shakespeare’s Henry VIII when a cannon misfired and a spark landed on the thatched roof

The Rebuilt Globe Theater, London

The Globe Theater

The Plays plays firmly attributed to Shakespeare • 14 COMEDIES – ends in marriage s Midsummer Night’s Dream, Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Much Ado about Nothing… • 10 HISTORIES – Richard III, Richard II, Henry IV… • 10 TRAGEDIES – ends in death s Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, Othello… • 4 romances – Pericles, Cymbeline, Winter’s Tale, Tempest

Actors and Actresses In Shakespeare’s time, it was considered immoral for a woman to appear onstage. So the female roles in Shakespeare’s plays were performed by young men. Queen Elizabeth I

The Poetry Two major poems • Venus and Adonis • Rape of Lucrece 154 Sonnets Numerous other poems Poetry usually dedicated to a patron

Sonnet 18 Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st, So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

How to Read the Plays Do not pause at the end of a line unless the punctuation calls for it Read it like prose Many of these plays have numerous references to people, places, events, myths, etc. , that you might not be familiar with. That’s what the notes are for—use them. Keep a dictionary handy

Shakespeare’s Language Shakespeare did NOT write in “Old English” Old English is the language of Beowulf: Hwaet! We Gardena in geardagum Þeodcyninga Þrym gefrunon Hu ða æÞelingas ellen fremedon! Hey! We have heard of the glory of the Spear-Danes in the old days, the kings of tribes, how noble princes showed great courage!

Shakespeare’s Language Shakespeare did not write in “Middle English” Middle English is the language of Chaucer, the Gawain-poet, and Malory: We redeth oft and findeth y-write— And this clerkes wele it wite— Layes that ben in harping Ben y-founde of ferli thing… (Sir Orfeo)

Shakespeare’s Language Shakespeare coined many words we still use today: Critical Majestic Dwindle And quite a few phrases as well: One fell swoop Flesh and blood Vanish into thin air See http: //www. wordorigins. org/histeng. htm

The Performances The theatres often had mechanisms that allowed “angels” and “gods” to be lowered down onto the stage. Stages were also equipped with a trapdoor leading to a “Hell” beneath the stage. The trapdoor was also used as a grave in theatrical funerals. There was very little scenery available for theatres, so the writers often used to dialogue to explain to the audience where the scene was taking place. Costume was very important in Elizabethan theatre. Actors wore colourful and elaborate costumes that would tell the audience the characters status, family ties or profession. The emphasis that was given to a character’s clothing made theme of disguise a common convention of Elizabethan theatre. In order to exchange places with another character or conceal his identity, all an actor needed to do was to change his costume. The Elizabethan theatre also used a variety of sound effects. Music played an important role in the setting the mood of the plays. Other sounds created were thunder, running horses, falling rain, and cannon blasts.

Shakespeare Today Elizabethan theatre is still plays a part in our day to day lives, mostly through the influence of Shakespeare. You can find references to his work in films, novels, plays, musicals, songs, poetry, artwork, satire…Even today his characters and storylines continue to inspire…

Shakespeare in Language Elizabethan theatre has had a very important effect on today’s theatre, and other parts of every day life. For example: Shakespeare coined over 1600 words still used today including countless, critical, excellent, lonely, majestic, obscene and its. Names coined by Shakespeare: - Imogen in the play Cymbaline, - Jessica in the play The Merchant of Venice - Miranda in the play The Tempest - Olivia in the play Twelfth Night - Cordelia in the play King Lear

And lastly… “If you cannot understand my argument, and declare "It's Greek to me", if your lost property has vanished into thin air, if you have ever refused to budge an inch or suffered from green-eyed jealousy, if you have played fast and loose, if you have been tongue-tied, hoodwinked or in a pickle, if you have knitted your brows, insisted on fair play, slept not one wink, laughed yourself into stitches, if you have too much of a good thing, if you have seen better days or if you think it is high time and that is the long and short of it, if you believe that the game is up and that truth will out even if it involves your own flesh and blood, if you lie low till the crack of doom because you suspect foul play, if you have your teeth set on edge (at one fell swoop) without rhyme or reason - it is all one to me, for you are quoting Shakespeare!”

The End Died April 23, 1616 - 52 * Actor * Poet * Playwright

Marriage In Shakespeare’s day, marriages were generally contracts set up by the parents. When Juliet’s parents arrange a marriage for her, it seems strange to us; Shakespeare’s audience would have thought it was completely normal.

Tragedy Shakespeare’s tragedies In Shakespeare’s tragedies, also follow a pattern that the main characters make would have made sense to decisions that upset the his audience. proper order of their world Elizabethans believed that and so affect them and everyone around them. people’s decisions and The situation is resolved mistakes always had only when others learn consequences, and that people sometimes had to lessons from the main pay a high price for their characters’ deaths. mistakes.

Why we read… So why do we still read plays like Romeo and Juliet? When Shakespeare’s world was so different from ours, what can we learn from his plays? Well, the plays are not only great, powerful stories—they also teach lessons about life that apply to people in all cultures and time periods, and those lessons can help us when we come across hard times in our own lives.

Keep in Mind: Don’t be alarmed by the old-fashioned language: this is really a play about people who are a lot like us, and the difficult words, when you look at them carefully, express emotions anyone can understand. And remember, the play is POETRY: it’s not supposed to be written exactly the way people talk. The poetry is part of what makes it beautiful and powerful—and worth reading.

Reading the Play Two things to know: • Sometimes a character will give a long Shakespeare’s plays speech all by herself, were meant to be revealing her secret performed—they were thoughts to the some of the most audience: this is called popular entertainment of a soliloquy. their time. So when we read the play, the point • Sometimes a character is to try and imagine it will just make a brief happening onstage! comment to the Because of the minimal props and scenery, audience that the action in Shakespeare’s plays had other characters don’t to be conveyed through words and hear; this is called an conversations. A conversation between aside. characters is called DIALOGUE.

So Who’s Who Here? First of all, all of the characters in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet plays can have arranged around a LOTS of characters. Let’s central conflict between two rival families: the try to get them Montagues and the straight in our minds… Capulets.

The Montagues Romeo Lady Mercutio Montague Romeo’s Dad Romeo’s mother best friend Benvolio Romeo’s cousin

The Capulets juliet Lady Capulet Tybalt Capulet Juliet’s father Juliet’s Mother cousin Nurse Juliet’s nanny

The Peacemakers: The Prince of Verona: Friar Lawrence: • This ruler tries to • This religious leader is mediate between respected as a holy man by both sides, and would the feuding like to see them reconciled families. • As a friar, he’s interested • He is pretty tired not only in religion, but of all the also in medicinal herbs— bloodshed caused which becomes important later. by their “ancient grudge. ”

And finally… One other “character”: The Chorus is not a part of the action, but a speaker who comes onstage to make comments on the action. The Chorus is kind of like a TV announcer in contemporary life—as far as the characters know, the chorus doesn’t exist, but he helps explain things to us.