Wildlife in the Urban Interface Jeff Schalau Agent, Agriculture & Natural Resources University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai County
What is Wildlife? n Animals, fish, birds…… n Animals with intrinsic, social, cultural and economic values…. n Source of food and a vital part of the cultures and economies… n Indicator of the health of that environment… n Do or should we assume a stewardship responsibility for wildlife
What Does Wildlife Need? n Food
What Does Wildlife Need? n Water
What Does Wildlife Need? n Space
What Does Wildlife Need? n Shelter (or cover)
What Does Wildlife Need? n Arrangement
Elements of Habitat 1. Food 2. Water 3. Space 4. Shelter 5. Arrangement
Habitat can be changed… n Altering any one habitat element will change how wildlife uses the area n To attract, learn the habitat preferences of the desired species and add or enhance those elements n To discourage, learn the habitat preferences of the unwanted species and remove or modify those elements n Large gravel areas and/or mowed lawns are not attractive to wildlife
Wildlife Enhancements n Feeders n Brush piles n Water features n Wildlife friendly n Nectar producing plants n Diverse structures n Preserve dead and down material n Bird/bat houses n n fences Contain dogs/cats Native landscaping Allow plants to grow naturally Be patient
Dealing with Problem Wildlife n Use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 1. Correctly identify the pest 2. Employ prevention options 3. Select a population control strategy 4. Monitor for reinfestation
Legal Status n In Arizona, most wildlife species are protected n Some are not, these include: n Wood rats (Pack rats) n Norway rats n House mice n Ground squirrels n Pocket gophers n Rock doves (Pigeons) n Starlings n English sparrows (House sparrows)
Prevention Measures n Habitat modification n Exclusion n Frightening n Repellents Prevention is Long Term Control is Short Term
Habitat Modification No Food No Water No Shelter No Access = No Pests
Habitat Modification n Removal of Attractants n Limit Shelter n Sanitation
Exclusion n Fences n Barriers
Frightening n Sight and/or Sound n Habituation
Repellents n Odor n Taste n Pain n Malaise n Touch All repellents work some of the time No repellents work all of the time
Population Control Measures n Trapping (lethal or live) n Toxicants n Fumigants n Shooting n Biological Control
Trapping n Non-lethal n Lethal
Toxicants n General or Restricted Use n Read Label n Hazards n Non-Target n Primary n Secondary n Environment n Not recommended for most situations
Fumigants
Bait Stations
Shooting Not legal in most situations
Biological Control n Predators n Diseases n Birth Control
Health/Safety Concerns n Zoonotic Diseases n Rabies n Hantavirus n Plague n Parasites n Handling/Disposal n Gloves n Wash Hands
Pocket Gopher n Trapping n Exclusion (hardware cloth wrapped around root ball or garden perimeter) n Fumigants n Poison Baits n Repellents n Resistant plants
Rock Squirrel n Fumigants n Trapping n Toxicants n Eliminate brush and rock piles, other habitat features n Flood irrigation
Woodrat (Packrat) n Exclusion (buildings) n Trapping n Anticoagulants n Destruction of dens
Cottontail Rabbit n Exclusion (1” chicken wire, 2 ft above and 1 ft below) n Plant resistant plants n Habitat modification n Repellents n Trapping n Biocontrol
Beaver n Exclusion (low fence, wire or electric) n Hardware cloth barriers around trees n Live trapping
Skunk n Exclusion n Remove attractant n Live traps n Ammonia/moth balls? n Skunk Deodorizer Recipe n 1 qt 3% Hydrogen Peroxide n ¼ cup baking soda n 1 tsp dish detergent
Raccoon n Exclusion (best solution) n Remove attractant n Live traps n Professional assistance
Javelina n Sturdy fencing (2½ - 3 ft) n Electric Fence n Remove attractant
Deer/Elk n Fencing (8 -10 ft) n Repellents n Frightening n Harvest crop asap
Wildlife Damage Control Professionals (NWCOs) n Licensed by the Arizona Game and Fish Department n Look in the Yellow Pages under “Pest Control” n Or, call your local Arizona Game and Fish Office
On-line Resources Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management icwdm. org/ ICWDW Handbook digitalcommons. unl. edu/icwdmhandbook Yavapai County Cooperative Extension extension. arizona. edu/yavapai The Mammals of Texas www. nsrl. ttu. edu/tmot 1/
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