When Precaution becomes Paralysis Aqu. Advantage Salmon: A Case Study R. L. Stotish, Aqua. Bounty Technologies
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Stockholm, Sweden, United Nations 1992 Publication E. 73. II. A. 14 Principle 15 In order to protect the environment, the precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
The problem with the Precautionary Principle is not that it leads in the wrong direction, but that – if taken for all it is worth – it leads in no direction at all. The Paralyzing Principle BY CASS R. SUNSTEIN University of Chicago REGULATION WINTER 2002 -2003
Aqu. Advantage Salmon
Gains in Growth – Smolts (AAS vs. Nontransgenics) Ø Pooled growth data collected at ABT-PEI for year classes 2004 -2006. ØFull sibs ØTriploid transgenics, diploid controls Ø NOTE: these growth studies were carried out at an average annual temp. of 9 -10° C.
Regulatory sequences from ocean pout AFP gene & coding domain from chinook salmon GH-1 c. DNA // GH c. DNA TATA Terminator Transgene DNA Microinjection F 1 1996 F 2 F 3 2000 F 4 2002 F 5 F 6 2006 AATAA P 1994 // 1992 2004 Promoter TAG Microinject 1998 ATG 1989 F 7 2008 F 8 1 Transgenic Founder Milt Selection Fertilized Microinjected Eggs Non-transgenic Progeny 6
The Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology, proposed in 1984 by the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and finalized in 1986, spells out the basic federal policy for regulating the development and introduction of products derived from biotechnology. A key principle of the framework is that genetically engineered organisms would continue to be regulated according to their characteristics and unique features, and not according to their method of production. In other words, for example, if a food product produced through biotechnology is substantially the same as one produced by more conventional means, that food is subject to no additional (or no different) regulatory processes. The framework also maintains that new biotechnology products are regulated under existing federal statutory authorities and regulation. Since 1986 there has been one GE animal approved, a goat that produces human anti-thrombin A in its milk (2009).
"The number of wild Atlantic salmon in Maine rivers is at an all-time low, placing them in danger of extinction, " officials at the NOAA Fisheries Service and the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service said in announcing the decision to list the salmon as endangered under the Endangered Species Act. Atlantic salmon in eight Maine rivers were declared "endangered" on November 13, 2000. There are no commercial “wild catch” Atlantic salmon fisheries in the US With the exception of a small “wild catch” Atlantic salmon industry in Iceland, there are no commercial wild caught Atlantic salmon fisheries anywhere in the world.
The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (7 U. S. C. § 136, 16 U. S. C. § 1531 et seq. , ESA) is one of the dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970 s. Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation. " The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) is a United States environmental law that established a U. S. national policy promoting the enhancement of the environment and also established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). NEPA's most significant effect was to set up procedural requirements for all federal government agencies to prepare Environmental Assessments (EAs) and Environmental Impact Statements (EISs). EAs and EISs contain statements of the environmental effects of proposed federal agency actions. [1] NEPA’s procedural requirements apply to all federal agencies in the executive branch. NEPA does not apply to the President, to Congress, or to the federal courts. [2]
Aqu. Advantage Salmon Product Definition for Aqu. Advantage Salmon 1. Product Identity Triploid hemizygous, all-female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) bearing a single copy of the α-form of the op. AFP-GHc 2 r. DNA construct at the α-locus in the EO-1α lineage. 2. Claim Significantly more of these Atlantic salmon grow to at least 100 g within 2700 deg C days than their comparators. 3. Limitations for Use These Atlantic salmon are produced as eyed-eggs for grow-out only in the FDAapproved physically-contained fresh water culture facility R. Stotish, Sept. 20, 2010, VMAC 12
FDA Conclusions VMAC September 2010 • AAS is an Atlantic salmon, and as safe to consume as food as any other Atlantic salmon • AAS represents no significant risk to the environment under conditions of use in application an approval
4 May 2012 Draft Preliminary Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for Aqu. Advantage Salmon Conclusion FDA has carefully considered the potential environmental impacts of the proposed action and at this time has made a preliminary determination that this action would not have a significant effect on the quality of the human environment in the United States. Therefore, FDA has made a preliminary determination that an environmental impact statement will not be prepared. The CVM’s draft EA was held for two years before release after a Jon Entine expose. (Slate 2012, Forbes 2013)
Legislative History 1. 6/2011 House amendment by Rep. Don Young to HR 2112 (FY 2011 -12 ag approps) passes on voice vote (10 members on floor) 2. 10/2011 S. 2286 introduced by Sen. Mark Begich (“Prevention of Escapement of Genetically Altered Salmon in the U. S. Act” (PEGASUS)) introduced 3. 11/2011 Senate Commerce Committee markup of S. 1717 – forced the bill off the markup agenda 4 12/2011 Hearing Before the Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries & Coast Guard on “Potential Environmental Risks of Genetically Engineered (GE) Fish” 5. 11/2012 House-Senate appropriations conference – dumped Young amendment 6 4/2012 Senate HELP Committee markup of FDA drug/device user fees – stopped Murkowski amendment 7. 5/2012 FY 2012 -13 Senate appropriations – stopped Murkowski amendment 8. 5/2012 Senate floor action on drug/device user fees – defeated Murkowski amendment on recorded vote 51 -45 9. 7/2012 Senate Commerce Committee markup of S. 1717 – Begich again withdraws bill from markup th In addition, there are the various bills (House and Senate versions) introduced in the 111 and 112 th Congress on preventing approval, labeling, etc. 1. [111 th] To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prevent the approval of genetically engineered fish. (Introduced in House - IH)[H. R. 6265. IH ][PDF] 2. [111 th] To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prevent the approval of genetically-engineered fish. (Introduced in Senate - IS)[S. 3971. IS ][PDF] 3. [112 th] To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prevent the approval of genetically-engineered fish. (Introduced in Senate - IS)[S. 230. IS ][PDF] 4. [112 th] To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to require labeling of genetically engineered fish. (Introduced in House - IH)H. R. 520. IH [ ][PDF] 5. [112 th] To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prevent the approval of genetically engineered fish. (Introduced in House - IH)[H. R. 521. IH ][PDF] 6. [111 th] To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to require labeling of genetically engineered fish. (Introduced in House - IH)H. R. 6264. IH [ ][PDF] 7. [111 th] To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to require labeling of genetically-engineered fish. (Introduced in Senate - IS)S. 3969. IS [ ][PDF] 8. [112 th] To amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to require labeling of genetically engineered fish. (Introduced in Senate - IS)S. 229. IS [ ][PDF]
Alaska Politics - Economics A BILL To prevent the escapement of genetically altered salmon in the United States, and for other purposes. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Prevention of Escapement of Genetically Altered Salmon in the United States Act’’. SEC. 2. PROHIBITION ON SALE OF GENETICALLY ALTERED SALMON. (a) PROHIBITION. —It shall be unlawful for a person(1) to ship, transport, offer for sale, sell, or purchase a covered fish, or a product containing covered fish, in interstate or foreign commerce; (2) to have custody, control, or possession of with the intent to ship, transport, offer for sale, sell, or purchase a covered fish, or a product containing covered fish, in interstate or foreign commerce; (3) to release a covered fish into a natural environment; or (4) to have custody, control, or possession of a covered fish AMENDMENT intended to be proposed by Ms. MURKOWSKI Viz: On page 60, line 9, strike ‘‘and’’ and insert ‘‘; (10) not less than $150, 000 shall be used to implement a requirement that the labeling of genetically engineered salmon offered for sale to consumers indicate that such salmon is genetically engineered; and’’.
FOOD SAFETY Science November 19, 2010 Genetically Modified Salmon and Full Impact Assessment Martin D. Smith, Frank Asche, Atle G. Guttormsen, Jonathan B. Wiener Health and environmental impacts of GM salmon hinge on aggregate market size, which current regulatory processes ignore. Indexed price and income Introduce social and economic considerations into a regulatory process. “Euro regulation” ? 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
February 1, 2011 Commissioner Margaret Hamburg, M. D. U. S. Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue Silver Spring, Maryland 20993 Cc: Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Dr. Jane Lubchenco, Administrator, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Rowan W. Gould, Acting Director, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Re: Aqua. Bounty Technologies’ Genetically Engineered Aqu. Advantage Salmon Dear Commissioner Hamburg: We write in further support of our November 8, 2010 letter urging the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to fully assess the potential environmental impacts associated with genetically engineered (GE) salmon before taking final action on Aqua. Bounty Technologies’ (ABT’s) application for the first-ever approval of a GE animal intended for human consumption. In light of continued and considerable concerns surrounding ABT’s application, FDA must complete a comprehensive environmental impact statement (EIS) that reaches far beyond the scope of the narrow environmental assessment (EA) submitted by ABT and evaluates the full range of threats that stand to confront wild fish populations if Aqu. Advantage Salmon are released into the natural marine environment. Erich Pica Trip Van Noppen Phil Radford Kevin Knobloch President Executive Director Friends of the Earth Earthjustice Greenpeace President Union of Concerned Scientists Andrew Sharpless Vikki Spruill Josh Reichert CEO President & CEO Managing Director Oceana Ocean Conservancy Pew Environment Group
Aqu. Advantage Salmon : A case study Superior production characteristics All female, sterile populations reared in physical confined systems Regulated by CVM as an animal drug Detailed Environmental Assessment Data published for public comment 19 years and counting in regulatory review 3 years from VMAC meeting disclosing CVM review 2 year delay publishing Environmental Assessment 1 year delay since close of public comment period More than $70 million invested to date with no approval
Bio. Safety Clearing House Guidelines for Risk Assessment February 28, 2014 In reply to XXXXX, the question of "how to proceed" is addressed by the suggestion that we make sure to fold socio-economic considerations into an assessment. Not because they are "interesting" etc, but because Art 26 of the Protocol urges us to do so. And in the real world, the politics of GE is driven by the perceived economic and social gains and/or losses of different affected parties. After all, every LMO which the Protocol procedures address is in front of us because of ECONOMIC considerations--some company thinks it can make money by producing and selling it. So the economic concerns of other affected parties are just as integral to assesing the overall risks (and benefits, which would also be assessed of course--and presumably have been already by one party, the company). Assessors are responsible to society (at least in democracies) as agents of the government. They need to assure that ALL of society's interests are reflected in their work, not just the interests of some (the more powerful). There has been a corruption of the risk assessment process
Introduction of Innovative Products Competing / Dueling Interests Science Base Regulation Transparency Risk Assessment Risk Communication Risk Mitigation Enforcement Opposition Exploit transparency / FOI Dispute science / Risk Assess. Create fear and anxiety Exaggerate risk Litigation Economic and political interests are potent drivers Precautionary principle is the weapon of choice to prevent innovation
Aqua. Bounty Experience INAD 1995 Guidance 187 January 2009 VMAC / CFSAN Part 15 September 2010 Release of Environmental Assessment December 2012 Public comment closed EA April 2013 $80 million over 18+ years with no decision Supporters : Ag production states, Production Associations, Academics, Animal Health Companies, Scientific Associations Opponents : NGOs, Organic Growers, Alaskan Fisheries, California, Oregon, Washington, activist lawyers The battle continues………….
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