What is the C-B-S model of communication

What is the C-B-S model of communication ? The standard model we use for human communication is one that is called the clarity-brevity-sincerity, or “C-B-S” model

Jargon • Jargon is the specialised vocabulary of a profession or of some other activity to which a group of people dedicate significant parts of their lives (for instance, hobbies ). Technical terminology exists in a continuum of "formality. "

Examples of Jargon: • organoleptic analysis: the act of smelling something • fused silicate: glass • distributionally conservative notions: conservative economic policies • medical jargon- Bilateral probital hematoma for Black eye • legal jargon- per se for Iteself • military jargon- Constant Phoenix for transport aircraft equipped with devices to detect radioactive “clouds” • computer/lnternet jargon: FAQ, HTH for Frequently Asked Questions, Hope This Helps • medical jargon would be "a. c. " which means before meals, as in taking medication before meals.

Examples (2) • a police jargon if a police officer would ask "who reported the crime, " he would say "who's my RP? " • coitus in med terms, sex in English language • CPU - Central Processing Unit, another name for processor • Data - Information stored on a computer • Disk - A place to store data. • Email - Electronic mail.

Examples (3): Load - Get data from a disk Nybble - Half a Byte Save - Put data on a disk RAM - Memory, the more the better. USB - A method to plug computer tools in to a machine. • WWW - World Wide Web • • •

Examples (4): • leapfrog: to surpass your competition : I’m guessing that KFC will leapfrog Boston Market after the success of their famous “Bowls Campaign”* • to ping: to notify : I’ll ping you via email as soon as I know the status • shoestring marketer: A self –employed individual who combs* the internet in search of free and low-cost ways to run and promote a business on the web • wet-signature: a signature that is hand-written by a human as opposed to electronic • keep in the loop : make sure someone stays informed : Next time keep the unpaid interns in the loop, after all, they are doing the bulk of the work • *to leapfrog: saltare la cavallina • *to comb: setacciare • *loop: cappio, curva, circuito, giro

Cant /argot • Cant is an example of an argot or cryptolect, a characteristic or secret language used only by members of a group, often used to conceal the meaning from those outside the group. • In England, the term “cant” still indicates the specialized speech of criminals, which, in the United States, is more often called “argot”

• Cant, also said false or insincere language, also (like argot) refers to the jargon and slang used by thieves and beggars and the underworld. Colourful terms and phrases such as mug ( to mug as “rapinare” and “borseggiare”; “dangerous mug” as “brutto ceffo”; “mug shot” as “police photograph” o “foto segnaletica”), payola (mazzetta o bustarella), hooker (prostituta), and to rub out or to blow away *(to kill) are examples of cant that eventually became commonly known to, and adopted as slang by, society in general. • *to rub: strofinare. To Rub out: cancellare • *to blow, blew, blown, soffiare. To blow away: portare via

Slang • Slang is the non-standard use of words in a language and sometimes the creation of new words or importation of words from another language. Slang terms are often particular to a certain subculture - such as skate boarders, surfers, musicians of particular types, or drug users. Slang is sometimes confused with jargon which is the collection of vocabulary specific to a profession: medical terminology for example. "

Definitions: • The Historical Dictionary of American Slang says that "Slang is lexical innovation within a particular cultural context. " Sometimes these foreign words and regional variations become part of the standard language. • The Historical Dictionary of American Slang points out that many groups "use slang largely because they lack political power. " It is simply a safe and effective way that people rebel against the establishment. • The Columbia Encyclopedia notes that slang is often "well developed in the speaking vocabularies of cultured, sophisticated, linguistically rich languages. "

Examples: • What's up? (a way to greet a person or ask about them) • • mack (a term used to describe a male with plenty of girlfriends) --”magnaccio” • • I'm mad at that! (a term used to describe disappointment or excitement) • • Slang: Originally meant abuse • Have a Cow: The expression "have a cow" is said to have originated in the 1950 s. The idea is that certain bits of unexpected or bad news might create the same agony and pain as literally giving birth to a cow. There is every chance that the recipient of bad news might "have a cow, " • Ex: “Mum is going to have a cow!” – “Alla mamma prenderà un accidente!” • Cool: This popular expression is used to describe something that is very good. Ex: “That band is cool!”

Examples(2): • • • Chill*: This can mean to calm down, for example, “Chill out, Dude. ” It also can have an "-in" ending added to mean to relax, as in “We’re just chillin at my house. ” Dude: This is can be used to refer to any person whether they are known by the speaker or not. Ex. “That dude is stealing my car. ” Or “Dude, I’m glad you finally called. ” What can be the translation into Italian? ___________ Stinks: When used as a slang term, this means "is bad. " For example: “This exam stinks. ” Trollin: Used to describe a car or cars travelling slower than the flow of traffic. Example: "This car is really trollin. " Mr. Charley: a white man Uncle Tom: a meek black person booze: alcohol buzz off: go away john / loo: toilet • *to chill: raffreddare • • •

EXAMPLES (3): • • schnozz: nose grub (larva), gas: food tart (AGRO) prostitute makin' whoopee* (ALLEGRIA RUMOROSA/BALDORIA) : making love – having fun • *whoopee: evviva!

COMMUNICATION THEORY • The CBS formula (clarity, brevity, sincerity) or the five C's (clear, concise, complete, correct, coherent) tries to prevent miscommunication. • But: Clear to whom? Complete from whose point of view? Correct by whose standards?

Ex: • Take the word tall for example. We all have some sense of how big a tall person can be But how big is a tall child? That changes depending on the age of the child. How big is the tall coffee I order in the local coffee bar? And what about a tall tale?

Sturbucks Tall Coffee

So: • Thinking of the word tall as corresponding to the external world in a direct one-to-one way does not help us to understand the meaning of “tall”. The meaning of tall depends on the context in which the word appears. The meaning of the word is only clear if we also know the context in which it is used.

Context: • This happens because context is not a fixed set of circumstances that exists external to the communicative situation; rather, context is something that is constituted, moment to moment, through communicative interaction. Context thus exists in the minds of both speaker (or writer) and listener (or reader) rather than in any external environment. • All meaning depends on context

Mutual undestanding or rethinking misunderstanding? • One of the fascinating aspects of language is that people can talk to each other at length and never realize that each of them has a different context for producing meaning. Television sitcoms take advantage of this fact to create scenes in which the humor turns on the fact that the audience knows that the characters are invoking different contexts for understanding. We watch and laugh as misunderstanding unfolds but the characters never figure it out. A scene from an episode of the TV show The Addams Family illustrates this point.

• The plot of this episode revolves around finding a wife for one of the characters. It is arranged that a potential wife will visit the Addams' home for an interview. Coincidentally, at the appointed time, the Avon lady (who is not the potential wife) rings the doorbell. In the ensuing* conversation, the members of the Addams family understand everything the Avon lady says and respond to her in the context of "potential wife interview, " while the Avon lady understands everything that is said and responds in the context of "trying to sell Avon products. " • *ensuing: seguente

As a consequence… • The conversation makes almost perfect sense in both contexts, and the characters never become aware that they have different contexts for understanding. This characteristic of language explains why we can talk to our boss, for example, at length about a project and still find out later that we have not fully understood what she wanted us to do.

Strategic Talk: does it exist? • In conversation, shared context can be achieved using what Richard Heyman (1994) calls “strategic talk”. Strategic talk involves using communication strategies that technical communicators are probably well acquainted with.

strategic talk • Heyman identifies several kinds of strategic talk that can help us to make shared context explicit: * Formulations * Paraphrasing * Questions and answers * Examples * Stories

• Formulations and paraphrasing are sentences in which we describe either what we are about to say or what we or someone else has already said. Examples of formulations include statements such as "I want to talk with you about a problem" and "So what you are saying is that you want me to call and cancel the hotel reservation. " This second example is often described as paraphrasing.

• In the first example, the formulation sets up the conversation so that what follows will be heard as a problem. That is, the speaker establishes a context for understanding what she says next. In the second example, the speaker uses the formulation or paraphrasing to check that what he understood is what the speaker intended.

• Questions and answers are also an important strategy for reducing misunderstanding. • One of the reasons that people do not ask questions is that they think they have understood what was said and have no reason to seek clarification. Speakers must therefore take the responsibility to ask questions too, to find out whether listeners have in fact understood them as they intended and to make opportunities for repairing misunderstanding.

Examples and stories • Examples and stories are another form of strategic talk. Examples and stories are ways to make what you say--and to encourage others to make what they say--more specific and concrete. A request for an example will produce a description or a story about a specific situation that can often clarify a point more than further general talk. Examples and stories are ways to share our understandings of people, places, and events and to check that others have the same understandings.

The KISS principle • The KISS principle. KISS is originally an acronym for "Keep it Short and Simple", some also use the more popular term "Keep it Simple, Stupid". KISS states that simplicity should be a key goal and that unnecessary complexity should be avoided.

Richard Bandler and John Grindler’s 'meta-model' • Modelling is an important tool in linguistics. But for a map or a model to be useful it must generalize, distort and delete what is real. According to Bandler and Grinder this is the central way humans perceive, interpret and so communicate. According to a meta-model every surface structure has a more complete deep structure. In this sense the main function of the Meta model is to bring to the surface what is hidden

Meta-model: • Language is our most fundamental modelmaking tool - the symbolic representation of experience. In building up their personalised models of the world, people use three basic processes - generalisation, deletion and distortion

Language also uses the processes of: • Generalisation - inferring from the particular to the general; assuming one example stands for all others of its class. Sometimes generalizations lead to false assumptions. • Deletion - oversimplifying; omitting important specific details. Deletions lead to 'blind spots'. • Distortion - changing what is real into what we wish was real. Distortions lead to misrepresentations, misunderstandings and fantasies.

NLP modelling : • involves finding out about how the brain ("Neuro") is operating, by analyzing language patterns ("Linguistic") and non-verbal communication. The results of this analysis are then put into step-by-step strategies or programs ("Programming") that may be used to transfer the skill to other people and content areas.

Neuro Linguistic Programming Neuro Nervous system through which experience is received and processed through the five senses. Linguistic Language and nonverbal communication systems through which neural representations are coded, ordered, and given meaning. “…the study of the structure of subjective experience. ” Programming The ability to organize our communication and neurological systems to achieve specific desired goals and results. 33

Deep Structure and Surface Structure • NLP draws many of its principles and distinctions from the field of transformational grammar (Chomsky 1957, 1965) as a means to create models of people's verbal behavior. One of the essential principles of transformational grammar is that tangible behaviors, expressions, and reactions are 'surface structures' which are the result of bringing 'deeper structures' into reality.

Deep Structure and Surface Structure in language: • In language, for example, these processes occur during the translation of deep structures (the mental images, sounds, feelings and other sensory representations that are stored in our nervous systems) to surface structure (the words, signs and symbols we choose to describe or represent our primary sensory experience.

Culture tells us about important dimensions of difference between people • The reason intercultural communication is increasing as a field of interest is that it touches on very significant dimensions of difference between people. People do think differently about time, about authority, about organisation etc. Discussing culture allows us to focus on important areas of diversity and deal with potential or actual problems. • Ex: It is a common belief that US companies tend to focus on short-term profit and that Japanese companies may focus on more long-term return on investment in order to achieve market position. Regardless of whether this stereotype is accurate or not, it identifies an important cultural preference, which you may need to consider when communicating direction (goals) in international business

Multiculturalism or interculturalism? • Multiculturalism is a body of thought in political philosophy about the proper way to respond to cultural and religious diversity • BUT While multiculturalism has been used as an umbrella term to characterize the moral and political claims of a wide range of disadvantaged groups, including African Americans, women, gays and lesbians, and the disabled, most theorists of multiculturalism tend to focus their arguments on immigrants who are ethnic and religious minorities

MULTICULTURALISM 2 • Multiculturalists take for granted that it is “culture” and “cultural groups” that are to be recognized and accommodated. Yet multicultural claims include a wide range of claims involving religion, language, ethnicity, nationality, and race. Culture is a notoriously overbroad concept, and language and religion are at the heart of many claims for cultural accommodation by immigrants.

CRITIQUE OF MULTICULTURALISM • Some critics contend that the multicultural argument for the preservation of cultures is premised on a problematic view of culture and of the individual's relationship to culture. Cultures are not distinct, selfcontained wholes; they have long interacted and influenced one another through war, imperialism, trade, and migration. People in many parts of the world live within cultures that are already cosmopolitan, characterized by cultural hybridity.

Interculturalism • Interculturalism is being able to communicate with, collaborate with, and befriend people across multiple cultures. • The prefix inter – refers to “the meeting of two languages across the political boundaries of nation – states” and “a process of communication between people from different ethnic, social cultures within the boundaries of the same national languages”.

interculture • Interculture" has become an umbrella-term used to define a vast range of initiatives, all differing in their motivations, intentions and results. There is now an established rhetoric of interculture, which is used in many projects that define themselves as intercultural, but too often use the terminology automatically and uncritically. Nonetheless, there are several projects that in fact increase understanding and communication between different cultures, and improve exchanges between local communities, even if they are not labelled intercultural and are not traditionally involved in dealing with immigration and integration issues.