WH MOVEMENT 3 OCT 19 2012 AY 21

WH MOVEMENT 3 OCT. 19, 2012 AY 21 D– Introduction to Syntax ANTH 3590/7590 Harry Howard Tulane University

COURSE MANAGEMENT 10/19/12 http: //www. tulane. edu/~howard/ANTH 3590/ We need to spend our $150 from the Provost’s Undergraduate Activities Fund. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 2

10/19/12 3 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane REVIEW

EMBEDDED WH QUESTION TREE (5. 26) VP wonder CP C’ PRN who 10/19/12 From now on, I will collapse the creation of the specifier and the movement to it into a single step. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane TP C ---[EF] ø PRN she T’ Aux. P T was+ Af 3 s. Past Aux was ----- VP V dating PRN ----who 4

REVIEW: MOVE Q WITHOUT N (5. 39) CP C’ TP PRN she T’ • Chain Uniformity • Attract Smallest Condition • Left-branch Condition ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane C [TNS, EF] -----was+Af 3 s. Past+ø 10/19/12 Q which Aux. P T was+ Af 3 s. Past ------Aux was ----- VP V dating QP Q ------which N actor 5

10/19/12 PREPOSITIONS 6 Radford § 5. 6 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane PIED-PIPING OF SUPERORDINATE

INTRODUCTION 10/19/12 Some data 49) They asked to whom he was referring. The problem Whom is the smallest maximal projection containing an interrogative word, so it should move without the preposition, giving: ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane They asked who(m) he was referring to. Which is grammatical, but not the sentence we want. Solution: impenetrability 51) A constituent in the domain of a complementizer or preposition is impenetrable to (and so cannot be attracted by) a higher head c-commanding the complementizer or preposition. Thus the whole PP can be attracted up to C. 7

PREPOSITION STRANDING 10/19/12 But impenetrability prevents us from deriving the colloquial version of this sentence: ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 52) They asked whom he was referring to. There must be some way to get the interrogative word out of the c-command domain of the preposition. 8

INITIAL STRUCTURE FOR AN EMBEDDED CLAUSE (5. 50) C’ 10/19/12 TP PRN he ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane C [EF] ø T’ Aux. P T was+ Af 3 s. Past Aux was ----- VP V referring PP P to PRN whom 9

ADD AN EDGE FEATURE FOR P (AND A SPECIFIER) C’ 10/19/12 TP C [EF] ø ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane T’ PRN he Aux. P T was+ Af 3 s. Past Aux was ----- VP V referring PP P’ 10 P [EF] to PRN whom

CP C’ Q who TP T’ ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane PRN he Aux. P T was+ Af 3 s. Past Aux was ----- VP V referring PP PRN who ------- 10/19/12 C ----[EF] ø THE WH PRONOUN IS ATTRACTED TO SPEC OF PP (5. 55) AND THEN ON UP TO SPEC OF CP P’ P -----[EF] to PRN -----who 11

REMAINING DETAILS Evidence for the edge feature of P in informal English (56) ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane Speaker A: He has been talking to someone. Speaker B: Who to? Speaker B: *Whom to? 10/19/12 12

10/19/12 13 Radford § 5. 7 ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane LONG-DISTANCE WH-MOVEMENT

INTRODUCTION A datum Where does what originate? 57) What might he think that she is hiding what? ----58) What might he think [CP [C that] she is hiding what ] Is this a legitimate movement? No, it violates impenetrability. But it can be made legitimate by moving the WH word through the intervening specifier of CP: ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane What might he think that she is hiding? 10/19/12 –––– 60) What might he think [CP what [C that] she is hiding what] 14

CP C’ PRN who TP C [TNS, ----- EF] might+ø ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane PR he T’ T might ----- VP V think CP C’ PRN ----who C -----[EF] TP PRN who ----- T’ T 3 s. Past 10/19/12 STRUCTURE FOR LONG-DISTANCE WHMOVEMENT VP V do PRN that 15

SOME CONSEQUENCES Long-distance movement proceeds as a succession of short steps. Each intervening C must have an edge feature. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane If each intervening CP is called a cycle, then we say that it proceeds in a successive-cyclic fashion. It can also be called local, since the wh-expression is attracted to become the specifier of the closest C. 10/19/12 16

EVIDENCE FOR THE LOCALITY/SUCCESSIVE CYCLICITY OF WH-MOVEMENT Quantifier stranding or floating in West Ulster English ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 64) What all did you get for Christmas? 65 a) What all did you think that he’ll say that we should buy? 65 b) What did you think all that he’ll say that we should buy? 65 c) What did you think that he’ll say all that we should buy? 65 d) What did you think that he’ll say that we should buy all? 10/19/12 17

EVIDENCE, CONT. Auxiliary inversion in Belfast English Reflexive anaphors * 69 a) Jim was surprised that Peter wasn’t sure that Mary liked this picture of himself best. 69 b) Jim was surprised that Peter wasn’t sure which picture of himself Mary liked best. cf. (72) Peter wasn’t sure which picture of himself Mary liked best. WH-copying in child English 73 a) What do you think what Cookie Monster eats? 73 b) How do you think how Superman fixed the car. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane What did Mary claim they stole? What did Mary claim did they steal? (68) 10/19/12 18

TOO MUCH MOVEMENT A final datum Freezing constraint (75) An element moved to a position dedicated to some scope-discourse interpretive property … is frozen in place. ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane 74 a) She might ask where he has been. * 74 b) Where might she ask he has been. 10/19/12 19

10/19/12 Q 6 20 Continue WH movement ANTH 3590/7590, Harry Howard, Tulane NEXT TIME