Westernization Why do they Hate US

• Westernization Why do they Hate US? – Imperialism • US overthrew Iranian elected prime minister in 1952 and replaced him w/ a king – Cultural Imperialism – economic imperialism • OIL • Iraqi sanctions/embargo (1990 -2002) – over 1 million dead » half of them under 5 yrs • Support of Israel – $3 billion a year – uses $ to fight Palestinians • Support Saudi Arabia – continued military bases • Good vs. Evil

Why use terrorism? • Guerilla Warfare – Desire to wound a more powerful foe. – You may be more powerful, but you can still bleed • The higher the target’s profile, the better. – American Embassies in Africa (Aug. 1988) – World Trade Center (1993 & 2001) • Military targets – Beirut, Lebanon (1983) • 241 Marines killed – Pentagon – US naval ships (USS COLE in Oct. 2000) • About sending a message!!

JIHAD – Holy War? ? ! – – Terrorism: Uses violence to achieve a political or religious end Terrorist: Someone who performs acts of terrorism. State Sponsored v. groups/individuals Jihad: “Striving or Struggling in the Way of God” (Muslims should try to strive to know and do the will of God) • • Greater Jihad: Struggle with yourself to do what is right. Lesser Jihad: Outward defense of Islam.

TERRORIST OR FREEDOM FIGHTER? ?

History of Islamic Fundamentalism • Muslim movement against westernization and secularism that supports a return to the values of the Quran • 1928: Muslim Brotherhood – Egypt – Hassan al-Banna – http: //i-cias. com/e. o/mus_br_egypt. htm • Why hatred toward USA? – 1952 -’ 79: Iran – 1979 -’ 89: Afghanistan • ’ 88: AL-QAEDA founded – 1991: Iraq invades Kuwait • US forces sent to Saudi Arabia – Support of Israel

Anti-Israel Islamic Fundamentalist Groups • Goal: the destruction o/t state of Israel – Reside in West Bank & Gaza – Build schools, clinics, roads, etc – Political parties • HAMAS: Islamic Resistance Movement – Leading political party in Gaza Strip – Sunni • Islamic Jihad: – Sunni • Hizbullah: Party of God – Southern Lebanon – Shiite Muslims

CAUSES OF THE IRANIAN REVOLUTION (1979) • ’ 53: US-CIA w/UK overthrew democratically elected Mu. Mossedegh • Shah was SECULAR – Westernization – Social programs failed • Opposed to Iran/US alliance • Corrupt gov’t • SAVAK: Iran’s secret police oppressed opposition

EFFECTS OF IRANIAN REVOLTION • led by Ayatollah Khomeini – Theocracy created – Shariah law implemented – Muslim traditions enforced • Nationalized all foreign owned businesses & OIL • Iran-Iraq War ’ 80 -’ 88 • Shah of Iran fled to US – American Embassy seized • 52 Americans taken hostage • crisis lasted 444 days

SOVIET INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN (1979 -89) • Communist gov’t comes to power in Afghanistan – Cold War tensions arise – Soviet’s support new gov’t • thus invade • US supports Afghan rebels – supplied STINGER missiles – trained Afghan rebels in Pakistan • mujahedeen: holy warriors – Osama bin-Laden • becomes Al-Qaeda • Civil war begins btwn opposing Afghan groups – Taliban are the victors

IRAN-IRAQ WAR (1980 -88) • CAUSES • 1980: Iraq invaded Iran • seized the Shatt al. Arab waterway – key access to the Persian Gulf • attempt to end Iranian support of Shiite Muslims that live in southern Iraq • • • EFFECTS Over a million killed mined t/ Persian Gulf Tanker Wars economic collapse no winner

Who is shaking hands with Saddam Hussein?

PERSIAN GULF WAR (1991) Persian Gulf sits atop the world’s largest known oil reserve. • CAUSES • Iraq in debt due to Iran-Iraq War • 2 Aug 90: Iraq invaded Kuwait – claims Kuwait as province of Iraq • access to oil fields • greater ACCESS t/t Persian Gulf • • EFFECTS US/UN led COALITION DESERT STORM trade embargo against Iraq – in place until US invasion ‘ 03 • bombing campaign – @ 100, 000 Iraqi soldiers killed • Iraq sends SCUD missiles against Israel • Iraq easily defeated – retreating soldiers set fires to Kuwaiti oil wells • Continued presence of US troops in Saudi Arabia

Iraq’s No Fly Zones

“Those that are willing to give up their liberties for temporary security, deserve neither. ” Benjamin Franklin

Islamic Fundamentalism: What should we do about it? ? • Remove all American military forces from the Arabian Peninsula. • Remain in Iraq to develop democracy as a model for other Muslim countries. • Pressure Muslim countries to close religious schools that preach hatred. • Provide foreign aid to Muslim countries in order to reduce unemployment and poverty. • Give foreign aid to countries that curb Islamists. • Work to achieve security and justice for Israel and Palestine. • Capture, try, and (if convicted) execute Osama bin. Laden. • Lessen our dependence on Mid. East oil. • How to deal w/ the Causes? ? Effects? ?