
Western Europe [Автосохраненный].pptx
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Western Europe Germany Austria Switzland France the countries of Benilux.
Germany The roots of German history and culture date back to the Germanic tribes
History Middle ages Germany started to split into hundreds of small states. The Napoleonic wars - the process of unification, which ended in 1871, when a large number of previously independent German kingdoms united under Prussian leadership to form the German Empire . The empire ended in 1918 when Emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm II was forced to abdicate throne at the time of Germany's defeat in World War I (1914 -1918) and was followed by the short-lived ill fated Weimar Republic, which tried in vain to completely establish a liberal, democratic regime.
History After the defeat in World War II (1939 -1945), Germany was divided into four sectors, controlled by the French, British, US and Soviet forces. With the beginning of the Cold War, the remaining central and western parts of the country were divided into an eastern part under Soviet control, and a western part which was controlled directly by the Western Allies. The western part was transformed into the Federal Republic of Germany, a democratic nation with Bonn as the capital, while the Soviet-controlled zone became the communist/authoritarian Soviet style German Democratic Republic (GDR). Berlin had a special status as it was divided among the Soviets and the West
History The fall of the wall in 1989 and the subsequent German Reunification are the main events of recent German history. Germany was reunited peacefully in 1990
Culture Germany is a decentralised country which results in the cultural differences between the regions. Germany's famous alpine and beer culture is mostly centered around Bavaria and Munich. Here the beer is traditionally served in 1 liter mugs
Culture The annual Oktoberfest is Europe's most visited festival and the world's largest fair.
Culture Germany's south-western regions, however, are well known for their wine growing areas (e. g. Rheinhessen and Palatinate) and Bad Duerkheim on the 'German wine route' organises the biggest wine festival worldwide with over 600, 000 visitors annually.
Cultural events Germany has world class opera houses (especially Berlin, Bayreuth, and Munich) and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra is known as one of the Top 3 orchestras in the world.
Nature Due to its size and location in central Europe, Germany boasts a large variety of different landscapes hiking in the forests exploring the picturesque islands off the northern coasts!
Nature Seacoasts: Germany's north has coasts to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Thanks to the strong winds, Wind-Surfing is possible all year round. Do not expect Hawaiian temperatures, though.
Nature Forests: Germans are fanatic about their forests. While they are much smaller now than they used to be in medieval times, they are still huge compared to forests in other, especially western and southern European countries and only thinly populated
Nature Lake Constance: Lying along the country's south- western border with Switzerland Austria, Lake Constance is Germany's largest fresh-water lake.
The Romantic Road is the most famous scenic route in Germany.
Most popular itinararies It starts in Würzburg and ends in Füssen. Most important points to visit on the Romantic Street are the cities: Würzbu
Harburg,
Rothenburg
Donauwörth
Body language The thumb up means one: e. g. one beer. It also can mean the sign of approval and agreement
Body language To knock lightly with Never put your index two mitts with the finger to your head. That thumb inside on the means you treat surface means to wish a someone crazy or mad. good luck The Germans may Never use the gesture appear cold and OK-it’s very rude unfriendly unless you know them well While talking never keep your hands in pockets
Useful tips Respect cultural, political and economic peculiarities of different regions. The Germans are more punctual and keep themselves more officially than other peoples of the world. Don’t expect compliments Don’t be offended when the Germans make remarks related to the behavior in the society. Such remarks are observed as the social duties of the Germans. Never be late. Being late is observed as offence
Cuisine Dishes show a great local diversity and it might be interesting to discover those. Rinderroulade: this dish is quite unique to Germany. Very thin sliced beef rolled around a piece of bacon and pickled cucumber until it looks like a mini barrel (5 cm diameter) flavoured with tiny pieces of onion, German mustard, ground black pepper and salt.
Cuisine Wurst “sausage”: there is no country in the world with a greater variety of sausages than Germany and it would take a while to mention them all. . If you spot a sausage on a menu this is often a good (and sometimes the only) choice. Often served with mashed potato, fries or potato salad.
Cuisine Koenigsberger Klopse: this is a typical dish in and around Berlin. The meatballs are made out of minced pork and are cooked and served in a white sauce with capers and rice or potatoes.
Cuisine The variety of food can be found in different regions. The coastal regions are fond of seafood and famous dishes include “Finkenwerder Scholle”, going south to the region of Cologne you will find Sauerbraten (a roast marinated in vinegar), if made really traditionally it's from horse meat.
Cuisine The south is also famous for its nice tarts such as the "Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte" (tart with lots of cream and spirit made from cherries).
Table manners It is considered bad manners to eat with your elbows resting on the table. Keep only your wrists on the table. When moving the fork to your mouth, the curved end should point upwards (not downwards as in Great Britain) When eating soup or other food from your spoon, hold it with the tip towards your mouth (not parallel to your lips as in, again, Great Britain). Spoons used to stir beverages, e. g. coffee, should not be put in the mouth at all. If you have to leave the table, it is fine to put your napkin on the table, to the left of your plate, in an elegant little pile -- unless it looks really dirty, in which case you might want to leave it on your chair.
Austria
Today's Austria is what was once the German speaking core and center of power for the large multi-ethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire with its imperial capital in Vienna. It included the entire territories of modern day Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, and portions of Serbia, Romania, Ukraine, Poland Italy. However, from the start of the 20 th century, the political history of Austria has been closely linked to the misfortunes and disasters of modern German history, mainly the First and Second World Wars and their terrible aftermath
Tourist potential Austria is one of the most popular summer and winter holiday destinations in Europe and has the tourist industry to match it!
Cities Vienna , the capital of the Republic of Austria. the largest city in Austria (pop. 1. 7 m) its cultural, economic, and political centre. As the former home of the Habsburg court and its various empires, the city still has the trappings of the imperial capital it once was the historic city centre is inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List
Cities Traditional Vienna is sometimes compared to an open-air museum
Hofburg Palace was the imperial residence of the Habsburg emperors until 1918
Schonbrunn Palace Schönbrunn is the ultimate palace experience in Vienna, because the Habsburg summer palace can be found here. It is comparable in grandeur to Versailles
Cologne Cathedral
The Opera House is probably the most-beloved symbol of Viennese arts, and one of the first buildings to be rebuilt in the postwar era.
Graz the second-largest city in Austria home to no less than six universities Graz has a rich history in education manifested by the number of universities in the city. The first university was founded in 1585 The roots of Graz can be traced back to Roman times, when a small fort was built where the city centre is today
The historic old town. It has been designated a World Heritage site
Salzburg is a city in central Austria Its "Old Town", with its world famous baroque architecture, is one of the best-preserved city centers in the German-speaking world and was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1997
Salzburg Mozart's birthplace.
The Festung Hohensalzburg, the city's fortress, was built in 1077 and expanded in the following centuries
Dom zu Salzburg (Salzburg Cathedral)
Other destinations Lake Constance — a big lake situated in Vorarlberg and shared with Switzerland Germany
Other destinations Kaprun — part of the Europa Sport Region
Other destinations Wörthersee — one of Austria's warmest lakes
Other destinations Zell am See — one of the most important alpine tourist towns in Austria
Other destinations St. Anton — a popular ski resort in Austria on the Vorarlberg-Tyrolean border
Culture Austria is a federation. Each of its nine federal states has a unique and distinct culture. Austrians aren't easy to categorize. Austrians are moderate in their outlook and behaviour. Being at Europe's crossroads, their culture is influenced from several sides. The stereotype of the yodeling, thigh slapping, beer-swilling xenophobe may apply to a few individuals but it certainly doesn't apply to the majority of Austrians.
The average Austrian friendly reserved and formal, softly spoken and well mannered law abiding socially conservative rooted family oriented a Catholic at heart, not particularly religious but a follower of tradition well educated cynical equipped with a dry, sarcastic sense of humor.
Austrians dislike demonstrations of national identity historical experiences Austria had during the Third Reich, and especailly due to the violent use national symbols the current state of Austria is a relatively young University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center rates Austria as the 5 th most patriotic country in the world. So Austrian's do very much love their country but aren't likely to be flag-wavers.
Austrians Most Austrians like to enjoy the good life They spend a lot of time eating, drinking and having a good time with friends in a cozy environment, and are therefore very hospitable. Members of the older generation can be conservative in the sense that they frown upon extremes of any shape and form and, in general, are adverse to change. They enjoy one of the highest living standards in the world and want to keep it that way.
Culture Many visitors come to experience Austria's musical heritage. Salzburg and Vienna offer world renowned opera, classical music and jazz There are dozens of Summer festivals for all tastes, the most famous being the avant-garde Salzburg festival (Salzburger Festspiele) Austria's strong musical tradition is not confined to classical music alone. Austrian folk music (Volksmusik) is an integral part of rural Austria, and is said to have influenced many of the nation's big composers. In the Alps almost every village has its own choir or brass band (Blasmusik)Traditional Alpine instruments are the accordion and zither. In Vienna a type of melancholic violin music known as Schrammelmusik is often performed in Restaurants and Heurigen.
Cuisine Austrian food is distinctive and delicious, and is traditionally of the stodgy, hearty "meat and dumplings" variety Wiener Schnitzel (a bread-crumbed and fried veal escalope) is something of a national dish
Cuisine Knödel are a kind of dumpling which can be made either sweet or savory according to taste
Cuisine In Vienna the Tafelspitz (boiled beef with potatoes and horseradish) is traditionally served on Sundays, and is normally accompanied by clear broth with dumplings and herbs.
Cuisine Austria is renowned for its pastries and desserts, the most well-known of which is probably the Apfelstrudel.
Cuisine Sachertorte is chocolate torte with chocolate icing and filled with apricot jam. It should be be served fresh with freshly beaten, lightly sweetened cream, which the Austrians call "Schlagobers". The original is available in Vienna in the Cafe Sacher , but similar cakes are very common in many other Viennese Cafes
Cuisine Vienna is famous for its café culture, and there are coffee houses all over the city, many of which have outdoor terraces that are popular in the summer. Visit them for coffee (of course), hot chocolate and pastries. Most famous is Sacher. Torte.
Respect Don't raise your voice or shout in public, especially on public transportation. It might be interpreted as aggression. If you are speaking a language other than German, it becomes all the more important to speak quietly in order to not be a "loud foreigner". When being introduced to someone, always shake them by the hand, keep the other hand out of your pocket, say your name and make eye contact. Failure to make eye contact, even if out of shyness, is considered condescending.
Respect It is a custom to kiss ones cheeks twice when friends meet, except for Vorarlberg, where people kiss each other three times. When you're not sure whether this is appropriate, wait until your counterpart starts the greeting. When drinking alcohol you don't drink until you have toasted ("anstoßen"). Say "prost" or "cheers" and most importantly make eye contact when toasting. So eye contact is very important for Austrians.
Respect In restaurants, it is considered rude to start smoking while someone on the table is still eating. Wait until everybody has finished, or ask if it is okay with everyone. If you have drunk all your wine and want more it's okay to pour some more into your glass, but only after you've kindly asked everyone around you at the table if they need any more.
Respect If you really want to show your manners while eating, let your unused hand rest on the table next to your plate and use it occasionally to hold your plate while eating, if necessary. Austrians use generally European table manners, that is, they hold the knife in the right hand the fork in the left hand, eating with both utensils. It is polite to let your wrists or hands rest on the table, but not your elbows.
Respect In most Austrian households it is customary to take off one's shoes. Austrians (like other Central European nations) love their titles. People who think of themselves as being respectable always expect to be addressed by their proper title, be it Prof. , Dr. , Mag. (Master's), Dipl. Ing. (Master's in Engineering), Ing. (Graduate Engineer) or even B. A. What sets Austrians aside is that if one holds more than one title, they are all listed! This is especially true for older people.