WEBSITE: WWW. VAGABONDGEOLOGY. COM Ancient Pathways Ancient Peoples Week 6: into America Week 5: across Beringia Week 4: into Asia Week 3: into Europe Week 2: across Africa Week 1: beginning in East Africa 1
SESSION 4: INTO AMERICA TODAY’S TOPICS Questions & Quick Review Due to time, this will be available on internet 2 MIGRATION TO THE AMERICAS BUTTERMILK CREEK COMPLEX & GAULT SITE
SHARING ROCKS 3
EARLIER QUESTION
DNA TESTING COMPANIES 5
STONE AGE COLOR PALETTE Where did Paleolithic People get their paint pigments? 6
EARTH PIGMENTS Color Yellow Red Black Source Iron rich yellow Ochre clays (limonite) Iron Oxides red Ochre clays (hematite) Charcoal (Carbon Black) or Burnt bones (Bone Black) Brown/Black Manganese Dioxide White Ground Calcite (lime white) Paste Binder Water, blood, urine, animal fat, bone marrow 7
STONE AGE COLOR PALETTE 8
STONE AGE COLOR PALETTE http: //instruct. uwo. ca/earth-sci/089 g/paintpigment. pdf 9
STONE AGE COLOR PALETTE 10
GRINDING PIGMENTS 11
LASCAUX PAINT PIGMENTS “Lascaux, for instance, hundreds of rudimentary pigment CRAYONS were discovered scattered around the floor. ” “…combined the raw color with talc or feldspar to increase the (crayon’s) bulk http: //www. ancient-wisdom. co. uk/caveart. htm and added animal & plant oils to bind the materials. ” 12
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION http: //www. webexhibits. org/pigments/intro/early. html http: //www. visual-arts-cork. com/artist-paints/prehistoric-colour-palette. htm 13 http: //instruct. uwo. ca/earth-sci/089 g/paintpigment. pdf
Terminology Review
PREHISTORIC PERIODS OF HUMAN HISTORY “STONE AGE” ER LD O ER NG OU Neolithic Y (New Stone Age) Upper Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic - pottery - farming (Late Stone Age) - livestock 50 k to 10 k yrs - symbolic (Middle Stone Age) thought Lower 300 k to 50 k yrs - Language Paleolithic - first art - domesticated (Early Stone Age) - early dogs 2. 5 million to 300 k symbolism - stone tools - fire 10 k to 4 k yrs
The Stone Age: 2. 5 million to 4000 YBP (years before present) N IO L IL M 5 2. N O LLI I 2 M ON I ILL M. 4 1 P YB 0 0 0, 0 0 3 EARLY STONE AGE – stone tools, fire Australopithecus Paranthropus Homo group sapiens
MIGRATION TO AMERICA
MIGRATION TO AMERICA In Archeology, two primary areas of controversy exists today: 1. Is the Clovis culture (13 Kya) the earliest people to the Americas or was there even earlier people, the Pre-Clovis? 2. Which ever is the first people, where are they from & how did they get to America? 18
CLOVIS VS PRE-CLOVIS • The “Clovis-First” hypothesis has been promoted for 80 years • This theory says that the peoples who came by the Beringia Land Bridge migrated into the Americas and are the progenitors of the Indian Peoples • In 1975, the Monte Verde site in Chile presented evidence of Pre-Clovis peoples; it wasn’t accepted • In 2011, the Buttermilk Complex site, Texas, presented it’s report of Pre-Clovis people, with it’s unequivocal evidence, and it was accepted 19
WHERE DID THEY COME FROM? COMPETING HYPOTHESES Land Bridge 14 k – 13 k WESTERN APPROACH • By Land Bridge Coastal Migration 16 k – 15 k • By Coastal Migration 20 From Smithsonian
WHERE DID THEY COME FROM? COMPETING HYPOTHESES WESTERN APPROACH • By Land Bridge • By Coastal Migration 21 EASTERN APPROACH • By Land Bridge & then turn left at Montana • From Europe “Solutrean Culture”
WHERE DID THEY COME FROM? Path of Migration 22 http: //www 2. nau. edu/rcb 7/nam. Q. jpg
EASTERN USA PRE-CLOVIS SITES Possible Path of Migration (no evidence confirming this route) Meadowcroft, PA (16. 0 kya) Cactus Hill, VA (15. 4 kya) Saltville, VA (14. 5 kya) Topper, SC (15. 5 kya? ) Buttermilk Complex, TX (15. 5 kya) 23 Page-Ladson, FL (12. 4 kya)
EASTERN USA PRE-CLOVIS SITES HOWEVER! • Some Flint items found in VA are known to be from France • Techniques making the stone tools/blades almost exactly resemble those of the Solutrean Culture of Spain/France SO… • Some Flint items found in MD are known to be older than 19 kya 24
POSSIBLE LAND BRIDGE ISSUE 25
EASTERN USA PRE-CLOVIS SITES Path Migration (no evidence confirming this route) Buttermilk Complex, TX (15. 5 kya) 26 What if Peoples from What if the land bridge Spain/France boated down our migration didn’t make it to Meadowcroft, PA (16. 0 kya) eastern seaboard? here? This is called the “SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS” First proposed by Dr. B Bradley & Dr. D Cactus Hill, VA (15. 4 kya) Saltville, VA (14. 5 kya) Topper, SC (15. 5 kya? ) Page-Ladson, FL (12. 4 kya)
COMPETING HYPOTHESES Solutrean Hypothesis >20 kya From Smithsonian 27
THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS 28
THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS 29
THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS 30
THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS 31
THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS 32
THE SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS Evidence is mounting for the SOLUTREAN HYPOTHESIS 33
GENERAL DNA MIGRATION Haplogroup X comprises 15% of Sioux & 7% of Haplogroup X comprises 25% of Algonquians of Navajo but is not present in Eastern Siberia New England but is not present in Eastern Siberia 34
THE DEBATE FOR/AGAINST THIS THEORY e t a b e d s! t e o u h in Time to vote! e t h n T o c Factors Supporting Solutrean Hypothesis + Growing body of archeologist who believe Clovis points are of Solutrean type + Stone tool at VA site from France + Haplogroup X (subclade X 2 A) possible migration from Europe + Artifacts found in MD, date between 19 -26 kya, way before the Land Bridge was used 35 Factors Against Solutrean Hypothesis No ancient boats have ever been found at any site; therefore no supporting evidence DNA evidence of today’s Native Americans are primarily linked to Siberia (Haplogroup A, C, D) No direct DNA material at any of the eastern USA sites; therefore no supporting evidence
GAULT & BUTTERMILK CREEK COMPLEX - Overview -
LOCATION OF GAULT SITE Florence, TX (transition zone between two habitats) 37
WHERE IS THE GAULT SITE Only 20 miles away! 38
WHAT IS THERE? TWO WORLD CLASS ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES BUTTERMILK COMPLEX GAULT SITE • Discovered: 1929 (1991) • Discovered: ? ? • Significance: Validated • Significance: Origins of 60% all excavated Clovis Pre-Clovis peoples** artifacts known today • Status: Exploration complete; currently site • Status: Exploration ongoing is “stored” 39
ARCHEOLOGICAL CHRONOLOGY OF CENTRAL TEXAS 40
ZOOMING IN ON SITE 41
GAULT TOPOGRAPHY Tight lines = steep! 42 TOPOGRAPHIC MAP Spread out lines = shallow
43
GAULT TOPOGRAPHY Tight lines = steep! TOPOGRAPHIC MAP Buttermilk Creek REASONS Reasons to stay here? TO STAY HERE? FOOD WATER 44 Spread out lines = shallow HABITA T GOOD
THE MAIN REASON TO BE HERE! 45
CHASING CHERT Chert is a fine-grained, silica-rich, microcrystalline quartz sedimentary rock Flint is chert found only in chalk or marly limestone formations Among non-geologists (in particular among archaeologists), the distinction between "flint" and "chert" is often one of quality chert being lower quality than flint 46
HISTORY NOT OF BUT IN THE CHERT Above average ability to resist weathering, recrystallization and metamorphism, makes it an ideal rock preserving early life forms: 3. 4 bya – Australia - preserved eleven taxa of prokaryotes 3. 2 bya – RSA - preserved unicellular bacteria-like fossils 2. 0 bya – Canada - preserved not only bacteria and cyanobacteria but also an ammonia-consuming type of green algae and fungus-like organisms 0. 8 bya – Australia - preserved ancient cyanobacteria and algae in the 0. 4 bya – Scotland - preserved oldest remains of land flora (preservation is so perfect that it allows cellular studies of the fossils) 47
CHASING CHERT But, Paleolithic, Pre-Clovis weren’t studying chert, they needed it to make 48
BUTTERMILK CREEK COMPLEX
DEBRA L. FRIEDKIN PALEO-INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE 1000 ft downstream 50
BUTTERMILK COMPLEX 1997 DIG Block A Research Area 51
BUTTERMILK COMPLEX PLOT PLAN 52
BUTTERMILK COMPLEX 1997 DIG 53 Figure S 3. Stratigraphy exposed in Block A in 2007. Note bedrock on the west wall (right). Light brown layer above the bedrock is the colluvium. Dark gray sediments are the floodplain deposits.
AGE OF ARTIFACTS FOUND IN BLOCK A Surface Important to note the quantity of artifacts found 54
BUTTERMILK CREEK COMPLEX ARTIFACTS 55
BUTTERMILK COMPLEX SUMMARY • 56 Tools of various ages were recovered, includes 5 blades, 14 bladelets, 12 bifaces, 1 discoidal core, 23 edge-modified tools, 3 radial break tools, and 1 piece of polished hematite plus 15, 472 other artifacts only an archeologist could love • Excavations show that there was nearly continual habitation of the site beginning with the Buttermilk Let’s move on to the Gault Site now Creek Complex occupation and continuing through all the way through Late Prehistoric • Proves the site was used for the same purpose by each successive set of peoples • Questions theory of Pre-Clovis being highly mobile, nomadic, elephant hunters 56 • Provides unquestionable evidence of pre. Clovis culture habitation in North America
GAULT ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE
GAULT SITE Gault site was located in a small, protected wooded valley with a spring-fed stream 58
GAULT SITE 59
GAULT SITE - 1930 EXCAVATION 60
GAULT SITE - 1998 EXCAVATION 61
GAULT SITE – 2011 EXCAVATION 62
STUDENTS HELPING OUT IN 2000 63
GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS 64
GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS 65
GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS 66
GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS 67
GAULT SITE ARTIFACTS Earliest art in North America? ? 68
GEOLOGY IMPACTING HUMAN HISTORY Once again, GEOLOGY is providing resources, or PATHWAYS for these ANCIENT PEOPLES! 69
REFLECTION
PROBABLE MIGRATION OF HOMO SAPIENS 71
SO WHERE HAVE WE BEEN ON THIS JOURNEY Gault/Buttermilk On-Your-Knees Banpo Tribe Cro-Magnon ‘Zinj’ (boisei) ‘Little Foot’ ‘Ms Ples’ (africanus) Australopithecus homo Homo Paranthropus
THE FUTURE 73
REFLECTION “(We only get a) glimpse of who these people were. We don’t know much. All we have are these little piles of stones and bones. It’s like trying to tell something about OUR culture by looking at our steak knives!” 74
ENDING
THANKS TO ALL THAT HAVE HELPED! Thanks to all who have passed on articles and/or lent us magazines to use in this 6 week series. It certainly is wonderful having “another set of eyes” out there watching for important data & breaking new ideas! 76
THANKS TO ALL THAT HAVE HELPED! Thanks to… Lynn & Chuck AV support Kendra & Jerry website support Dorothy & Margaret class assistance 77 It wouldn’t happen without YOU!
WANT TO LEARN MORE? ? 78
WANT TO LEARN MORE? ? 79
WANT TO LEARN MORE… Deb Ma Need Rock @ R ock in in t Ta Identification? he ble bac k 80
Lar ry & Love Am Lo is @ L un dso Rocks api dar n in t y T he abl ? ? bac e WANT TO LEARN MORE… k 81
WANT TO LEARN MORE… Sue @ A To rch eol me ogy in t Curriculum for Geoarcheology he Ta ba ck ble “Recognizing and Evaluating the Archeological Potential of the Landscape: An Introduction to Geoarcheology” 82
WANT TO LEARN MORE… Claire Beaumont & Deb Main Made cookies for all Snack table in the back 83 YUMMO!
http: //www. utexas. edu/features/archive/2002/texas. html GOT ARCHEOLOGY QUESTIONS? A wisecracking armadillo archeologist known as Dr. Dirt answers questions about archeology 84 “Dr. Dirt”
ADIOS! TH REMEMBER… AN K Y GEOLOGY ROCKS OU ! 85
WANT TO SEE MORE… All class material either is or will be on 1) the University’s website www. senioruniv. org and on 2) Our website at: www. vagabondgeology. com 86 ANY QUESTIONS? ?
REFERENCES http: //www. visual-arts-cork. com/artist-paints/prehistoric-colour-palette. htm http: //archaeology. about. com/gi/o. htm? zi=1/XJ&z. Ti=1&sdn=archaeology&cd http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pre-Clovis#Evidence_of_human_habitation_before_Clovis n=education&tm=315&gps=16_11_1117_722&f=11&su=p 284. 13. 342. ip_&tt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Topper_(archaeological_site) =8&bt=1&bts=0&zu=http%3 A//www. utexas. edu/research/tarl/research/gaul http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter t_links. php http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cactus_Hill http: //archaeology. about. com/gi/o. htm? zi=1/XJ&z. Ti=1&sdn=archaeology&cd http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Saltville, _Virginia n=education&tm=315&gps=16_11_1117_722&f=11&su=p 284. 13. 342. ip_&tt http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Page-Ladson_prehistory_site =8&bt=1&bts=0&zu=http%3 A//www. utexas. edu/research/tarl/research/gaul http: //www. flmnh. ufl. edu/natsci/vertpaleo/aucilla/arpp 01. htm t_links. php http: //www. nytimes. com/interactive/2012/11/24/opinion/sunday/what-couldhttp: //www. utexas. edu/features/archive/2002/texas. html disappear. html http: //search. usgs. gov/results. html? cx=005083607223377578371%3 Ab 5 ixbb http: //flood. firetree. net/ pqpx 0&cof=FORID%3 A 11&q=chert&sa=Go http: //www. pbs. org/newshour/rundown/2012/03/will-you-be-underwater-theres-a-map http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chert -for-that. html http: //www. primtech. net/ http: //www. centerfirstamericans. com/cfsa-publications/Science 2008. pdf http: //mysite. du. edu/~lconyer/ http: //www. tshaonline. org/handbook/online/articles/GG/bbgya. html http: //mysite. du. edu/~lconyer/historic_features. htm http: //www. athenapub. com/10 gault. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ethnic_group http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC 2928495/ http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Archaeological_culture http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Settlement_of_the_Americas http: //www. ele. net/art_folsom/pre-clovis_2004/preclovis 2004. htm http: //archaeology. about. com/od/gterms/g/gault. htm http: //www. google. com/imgres? imgurl=http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/sto http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/evolution/becoming-human. html#becoming-humanneage/images/clovpart-2 printable 465. jpg&imgrefurl=http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/stoneage/clovhttps: //genographic. nationalgeographic. com/ nf. html&h=652&w=465&sz=134&tbnid=hjtv. Is. VG_w. PSXM: &tbnh=83&tbnw=5 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Haplogroup_X_(mt. DNA) 9&zoom=1&usg=__rlf. O 59 i. RSB 5 Ip. BHKi. Pz. V 2 wh. WFIE=&docid=F 3 kmoa. SDHF 6 IB http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Haplogroup_A_(mt. DNA) M&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-q. Iy. Uf 3 o. Ns_dq. QHCn 4 Go. CA&ved=0 CDs. Q 9 QEw. Ag&dur=1 http: //planet. uwc. ac. za/nisl/Conservation%20 Biology/Karen%20 PDF/Clovis/Bradley%20& http: //www. archaeologicalconservancy. org/aa. WI 01. html %20 Stanford%202004. pdf
REFERENCES http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Human_evolution http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stone_Age http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Neolithic http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paleolithic http: //humanorigins. si. edu/evidence/human-family-tree http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Laetoli http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind http: //www. sa-venues. com/attractionsga/cradle-of-humankind. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lascaux http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Banpo http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File: Banpo. Skull. jpg http: //bpmuseum. com/Channel. aspx? Ch. Id=4 http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/On_Your_Knees_Cave http: //orgs. usd. edu/esci/alaska/oykc. html http: //www. texasbeyondhistory. net/gault/index. html http: //www. athenapub. com/10 gault. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_Complex
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“Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed by the things you didn’t do than by the ones you did do. So throw off the bowlines, sail away from the safe harbor. Catch the trade winds in your sails. Explore. Dream. Discover. ” – Mark Twain
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