We can not solve the problems that we

We can not solve the problems that we have created with the same thinking that created them --Albert Einstein AN ODYSSEY TO SUSTAINABILITY: THE URBAN ARCHIPELAGO OF INDIA B. Sudhakara Reddy Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research Mumbai, India

Rural Vs. Urban societies Rural ü We ü Associated with traditions, superstitions, Urban ü ü agriculture, and lower technology ü In rural economy risks are associated with nature (e. g. , Plague, famine, earth quakes) ü Personalised, local and visible ü Consequences can be addressed and ü ü overcome ü Helplessness ü Driving force – I am hungry ü Scarcity (community need) ü ü I Associated with market economy. Complex, largely self-organizing, show extraordinary resilience Risks are the consequences of human activity (e. g. , Ecological risks) Globalised and can not be easily containable. No time/place limit, not containable. accountable, compensated or insured Blind and deaf to consequences and dangers social distance Driving Force – I am afraid Insecurity (Individual anxiety) Urban society differs from rural in terms of acts, attitudes, and behaviors

Urban Scenario: Developed vs. Developing Countries Developed Countries Developing Countries ü Megacities have long been large cities and ü Explosion of megacities results from population growth as well as the process of migration (economic as well as sociological reasons) the growth has been much more slow and regular ü Enthusiasm among planners to protect ü natural environment Tendency to promote development at the cost of natural destruction ü Focus on private transport ü Focus on public transport ü “Growth vs. envt. " dichotomy collapses under the "economy" banner often differing interests of ü Goals of economic growth, equity and workers, corporations, and the general public employment generation ü Believe in science and the domination of ü Irrational behaviors, conservatism, traditions, can religion decreases, give importance to arts and aesthetics be seen in cities easily. ü Urbanites are aware of being citizen and ü Participation into constructive activities is limited. take role in community activities Cities in Developed countries are smarter, greener and healthier. The opposite is true for the cities of Developing countries

Urban Transitions • • Agriculture Industry and service sector Labour intensive Technology intensive • Community Society • • Geographical enlargement, rise of population density, Urbanization and improvement of transportation, communication and other infrastructure facilities. From the center to the outskirts, cities get wider and wider as rings • • Center ring Second ring • • Third ring Neighbourhoods of middle class Later suburb rings takes place • Urbanization and modernization is a linear and western way of development. American type of urbanisation became the main development road for the developing countries. Business and trade centers Lower class people, criminals, working class, lower quality buildings and cheaper dwellings Urban society becomes an issue and a problem to itself and act to change itself

Planner's Trilemma Distribution of Resources Social System (Equity, opportunity and equality) t lic nf De ve lo pm o C y t r pe o Pr Economic System (Growth and Efficiency) Production and Consumption Urban sustainability Resource Conflict en t C on f lic t Environmental System (environmental protection) Resources and wastes Three conflicting interests: to "grow" the economy, “distribute” this growth fairly, and in the process “not degrade” the ecosystem

Megacities and large urban Agglomerations (1950 -2015) City size 1950 1980 2005 2015 Mega cities LUAs World cities 2 8 5 26 20 49 22 59 Population (million) % of urban population % of total population 23. 6 3. 2 0. 9 58. 4 8 2. 3 81 4. 7 1. 8 240 13. 8 5. 4 292 9. 2 4. 5 488 15. 4 7. 6 358 9. 3 5 615 16 8. 6 Cities (Developed countries) 2 6 2 10 5 14 6 16 Population (million) % of urban population % of total population 23. 6 5. 5 2. 9 48 11. 3 5. 9 44. 2 5. 9 4. 1 10. 7. 2 14. 3 9. 9 88 9. 7 7. 3 147 16. 2 12. 2 101 10. 6 8. 2 163 17. 2 13. 3 2 3 16 15 35 16 43 10. 4 3. 4 0. 6 37 3. 7 1. 1 133 13. 4 4 204 9 341 15 6. 5 257 8. 9 4. 3 452 15. 6 7. 6 1 2 1 4 12. 6 6. 1 1. 7 18. 3 8. 8 2. 5 17. 9 5. 7 1. 9 37. 2 11. 8 3. 9 City Characteristics jj Cities (Developing countries) Population (million) % of urban population % of total population Cities (Least Developed countries) Population (million) % of urban population % of total population

Megacities (>10 million inhabitants)

Urbanisation Scenario in India

Mega Cities and Urban Agglomerations No. of Class-I Cities(> 1 million) : 58 (2015) % of Urban Population : 35% % of total population : 12%

Mega Cities and Urban Agglomerations (2015) Category City Mega - 10 Million+ (3) Delhi, Greater Mumbai, Kolkata, Large - 5 – 10 Million (6) Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat Medium - 3 - 5 Million (3) Kanpur, Jaipur, Lucknow Small - 1 – 3 Million (46) Nagpur, Patna, Indore, Vadodara, Bhopal, Coimbatore, Ludhiana, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Agra, Varanasi, Madurai, Meerut, Nashik, Jabalpur, Jamshedpur, Asansol, Dhanbad, Faridabad, Allahabad, Amritsar, Vijayawada, Rajkot

Urban Growth and Sustainability Five major trends (i) Proportion of global population living in urban areas is increasing (ii) Number and size of urban areas in Asia, in particular, in China and India, are mushrooming Megacities, hypercities (iii) Increase in resource use and wastes (iv) Asymmetric patterns (Urban and rural, and in urban different income groups) (v) Poverty is becoming urbanized (Cities don’t make people poor; they attract poor people)

The explosion of megacities ● Natural increase (birth rates higher than death rates) ● Migration Push factors Pull factors § Expanding city limits § Shifting economic activity to cities: Industrial protection, cheap credit, and subsidized local services ● The largest city/national capital is becoming a megacity ● High proportion of urban budget for capital city ● Land uses are not separated well because growth has been fast and planning controls are weak. ● Setting up of an un-authorised home is easy ● Based on the notion that urban growth can reduce poverty and can finance rural regions

Characteristics of Megacities ü Colonial heritage ü Citadels and Ghettos ü So near but so far ü Individuals and groups with wealth & power influence decisions that affect urban ü ü ü ü populations Deficient supply of affordable housing and infrastructure Broken link between urban regions and rural hinterland Informal Employment Client-Patron Relationship Higher levels of congestion and environmental degradation Multiple jurisdictions in metropolitan regions with cross-cutting issues Mismatch between location of people & location of jobs Weakened civic leadership Future ? – Let the future worry about the future

Keys To Growth or Scars On Earth? Need to study Urban Sustainability + Efficiency and competitiveness - Cities are extremely efficient and competitive + Economic growth engines - Industries and service providers + Access - education, health, social services and cultural activities + Social integration - People of many castes and religions live and work together Economic Concerns Explosive population growth due to migration – go forth and multiply - resulting in Alarming increases in the concentration of poor and jobless Massive infrastructure deficits in the delivery of services Pressure on land housing - Environmental concerns Energy – High consuming life style, no matter what the consequences Waste - Inefficient use resulting in waste Social concerns Planning - No equity Happiness – Focus on accumulating material possessions Relationships – Only money matters; No kinship that often ensures physical safety, food security, and the availability of child care areas

Objectives and Methodology Main aim: Investigate whether the present pattern of urban development in India is sustainable. Methodology (i) Identification of 10 Indian cities (ii) Identifying and quantifying indicators (iii) Determining indicator dimensions (iv) Benchmarking sustainable indicator-base and threshold values (maximum and minimum) for the prioritized indicators (v) Developing composite Urban Sustainability Index (category-wise and dimension-wise) Importance of Indicators turn data into relevant information for policy makers and help in making Easily understood by stakeholders; Related to the interests of various stakeholders; Measurable using the available data at city and national levels; and Clearly related to urban policy goals and capable of being changed decision-

Urban System Impacts on people’s health and well-being Society Energy and matter Environment Food Housing Services Products Economy Sources Waste and emissions Sinks Institutions Ecological Support Systems

Sustainability Dimensions and Indicators § Economic Sustainability – Capture the current as well as the dynamic economic strength of an urban system Income, Consumption, Infrastructure and Services § Social Sustainability – Map the extent of equitable distribution of the benefits of economic development to the people. Demographics, Education, Health, Equity, Poverty, Housing, Access to basic needs § Environmental Sustainability – Assess the conformation of the economic development to the environmental standards Pollution (Air, water and soil), Urban green spaces, Land use pattern Institutional/Governance Sustainability – Measure the extent and effectiveness of institutions in creating opportunities Planning and design, Capacities and resources, Citizens’ participation, Ease of process in Govt. services

Urban Sustainability Framework Indicator Growth DIMENSION Consumption Infrastructure transportation Economic Demographics Education Health URBAN SUSTAINABILITY Social Equity Access to basic needs Global Climate Change Environmental Air, water and soil pollution Urban greenspace Land use Pattern Institution/ Governance Planning and design Capacity and resources Citizen’s participation Ease of Process in Govt. service

Developing SDI Sustainability Indicators § Selection § Dimension § Judging Economic Environmental Institutional Negative Effect Positive effect § Normalisation § Sub-indices Social Normalised Indicators Economic Social Environmental Composite Sustainability Index Institutional

Matrix for adopting indicators Relevant Related Indicator Relevant But missing Irrelevant To be used To be modified To be identified To be ignored Related data To be modified To be Available modified To be identified To be ignored Not Available To be ignored Available Potentially Available Data availability To be ignored Relevance

Model §

City Characteristics City Delhi Mumbai Population Income density (US$ Population Income Area Population (sq. km) (million) (Persons/sq. km) ppp) class 1295 621 14. 5 11197 14. 3 23027 City Characteristics 9982 6326 1 1 2 2 Kolkata 531 13. 5 18467 3744 3 8 Bangalore 534 8. 44 15805 5102 4 4 Chennai 414 7. 36 17780 4797 5 5 Hyderabad 583 6. 75 11492 4534 6 6 Ahmedabad 466 6. 72 14421 4192 7 7 Pune 700 3. 74 5343 6277 8 3 Lucknow 976 3. 36 3443 3158 9 9 Patna 943 2. 04 2163 2540 10 10

Economic Indicators Category Income Employment Consumption Infrastructure and urban services Transport Indicators of Urban Sustainability Per capita income City GDP growth rate City product as a % of country’s GDP Local purchasing power Index Consumer price index Share of organised employment Unemployment rate (%) Employment growth rate Per capita water supply (litres) US$/year % % CPI % % % litres/day Per capita water consumption (l/day) Per capita electricity consumption (k. Wh) Per capita energy consumption (GJ) Per capita food consumption (kg) Energy intensity (consumption per $ GDP) Road length k. Wh/annum GJ/annum kg/day MJ/$. km/1000 pop. Hospitals/100, 000 population Bank branches No. of telephones landlines per 100, 000 pop share of HH with internet connections HH with access to telephones (Landline) Public bus transport seats Para-Public (Auto, Taxi, Maxicabs) transport seats Passenger carrying capacity Cars Two-wheelers Non-motorized transport Transport fuel consumption No. /100, 000 pop. % % Per 1000 pop. % GJ/capita/year Proportion of total motorised road PKM by public transport % +ve Automobile ownership Share of public transportation (bus, metro, suburban trains No/family % +ve City Characteristics Unit Contribution + ve +ve +ve -ve +ve +ve +ve +ve

Social Indicators Category Education Health Equity Basic services Unit Million %/annum Persons/sq. km % Females/1000 males No % of total %/annum Per 100, 000 pop. Per 1000 pop. % % % (%) Per 10, 000 pop. Years Per 100, 000 pop Contribution -ve -ve -ve +ve +ve +ve -ve Birth rate Demographics Indicator City population Population growth rate Population density Population that are children Gender ratio Child sex ratio Average household size Slum population Migration rate Colleges Schools Literacy rate Male literacy Female literacy School enrolment rate Number of hospital beds Number of physicians Life expectancy at birth Maternal mortality rate Births/1, 000 pop. -ve Death rate Infant mortality Income distribution HH below poverty line Per 1000 pop. No/1000 % % -ve -ve Population with pucca houses % +ve HH access to water HH access to sanitation Number of houses HH with piped water connection % % No. /1000 pop. % +ve +ve City Characteristics

Environment indicators Category Indicator Unit Contribution CO 2 Emissions person Tonne/capita -ve GHG emission/city GDP kg/US$ PPP -ve Renewable Energy in electricity generation % +ve SO 2 emissions μg/m 3 -ve μg/m 3 -ve PM 10 emission μg/m 3 -ve Solid waste generation kg/cap/year -ve Solid waste that is recycled % +ve Dry waste capita kg/cap/day -ve Share of waste water treated % +ve Green spaces m 2//person +ve Global Climate Change Air Pollution Soil pollution Water pollution Urban green spaces City Characteristics NO emission 2

Institutional Indicators Category Unit Contribution Voter turnout Citizen participation Indicator % +ve Score +ve Score +ve Work participation City Characteristics Citizen participation in decision making City competitiveness Urban planning and design Quality of city system Urban capacities and resources Political representation Ease of process in govt. services

Indicator scores of 10 cities

Performance Assessment VG G AAVG Bangalore Delhi Ahmedabad Mumbai Economic Social Environment Institutional Ahmedabad Bangalore Chennai Pune Ahmedabad Chennai Hyderabad Bangalore Mumbai Pune Patna Delhi Hyderabad Kolkata Mumbai Lucknow Patna BAVG POOR Chennai Hyderabad Pune Kolkata Lucknow Patna Kolkata Lucknow Chennai Mumbai Ahmedabad Bangalore Delhi Hyderabad Pune Lucknow Patna P Kolkata Lucknow VG = Very Good (> 0. 8); , G = Good (0. 65 – 0. 8); AAVG = Above average (0. 55 – 0. 64)

City Sustainability Index

Sustainable Indices Dimension Ahmedabad Bangalore Chennai Delhi Hyderabad Econ. 0. 46 0. 45 0. 39 0. 46 0. 39 Social 0. 70 0. 68 0. 69 Envt. 0. 63 0. 60 0. 62 0. 55 0. 62 Inst. 0. 40 0. 34 0. 43 0. 39 CSI 0. 57 0. 55 0. 56 0. 53 Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai Patna Pune 0. 36 0. 37 0. 45 0. 36 0. 39 City Characteristics 0. 64 0. 62 0. 59 0. 62 0. 57 0. 68 0. 54 0. 57 0. 52 0. 56 0. 55 0. 36 0. 37 0. 31 0. 43 0. 24 0. 31 0. 54 0. 51 0. 50 0. 52 0. 48 0. 53

Unsustainable Urban regions: What Does It All Mean to Us Today? The most serious problems § Destruction or losses of natural resources § Ceiling on natural resources (Energy, photosynthetic ceiling) § Significant waste generation § Population issues (per-capita impact—the resources consumed, and the wastes put out) § Migration - Young leave for cities for better opportunities (education and employment) resulting in a loss of entrepreneurship in rural areas All relate to the life style Affluenza: When Too Much is Never Enough

Pathways to Sustainable Cities § Institution Development - Formal and informal institutions and institutional entrepreneurships § New planning paradigms and technology diffusion: Infrastructure for the sustainable provision of urban services (e. g. , Mass transport) § Behaviour change (Society interest vs. individual interest) : Where interventions can be identified to trigger among individuals to modify their patterns of resource consumption (e. g. , incentives and disincentives) Transition Arena Institutional Development Rate of Change Slow Technology/ Planning Moderate Behaviour change Fast Focus - planning not only for "green cities and growing cities" but also for "just cities. "

Sustainability Transitions – Three Horizon Thinking Horizon 3: 5 -10 years Technologies that are radically from the existing ones, Overcome barriers. Horizon 3: Institutions Development of new institutions, PPP mode. Make cities selfsustainable by growing food locally, recycling wastes etc. Horizon 3: Responsibility, Tangible evidence of change in behaviour; participation in resolution of problems. . Horizon 2: 3 - 5 years Required improved technologies, modified policy, governance, regulatory envt. , etc. Horizon 1: 1 - 3 years Capturing maximum potential from existing technologies (lighting, SWH, waste to energy, etc. ) Time Technical Innovation Horizon 2: Sectoral focus Technology/mode shift (personal to public, road to rail, non renewable to reenwable, etc. Horizon 1: Basic services Foot paths, parks, wastewater treatment, toilets, etc. Public participation in decision making Time Urban Planning Horizon 2: Incentives and disincentives (using public transport, encourage walking or the use of small, low-speed, energyefficient vehicles, taxing on land for actual use. Horizon 1: Awareness, knowledge , understanding (cleanliness, sanitation, rule of law, etc. ) Time Behaviour Change

Forces and Actors Government Social and economic conditions Access to clean envt. Population size, culture and values (i)Establish new institutions and encourage entrepreneurship Rule of law, stable (ii)Determine the resources to be taxed and subsidized bureaucracy and (iii)Incentives and disincentives for conservation and financial markets over use (iv) Redistribute resources among various sections Political stability International Institutions Individuals (i)Funds for investment towards RETs (ii)Enforce multilateral envt. agreements (iii) Shape and enforce trade practices that harm or protect envt. S&T ῆ in Resource extraction and use Recycling of waste (i)Demand basic needs at affordable prices (ii)Shape social norms for resource use (iii)Avoid product that damage envt. (iv)Use eco systems as places of recreation Business/Industry (i)Use ῆ technologies and reduce energy intensity (ii)Drive innovation (iii)Determine which goods/services are produced and how (envt. friendly or detrimental) Voice Right to express opinion, information access, organise and take part in decision making

Sustainable Urban Development – The three Pillars Hard ware Soft ware (Economic Growth Provide conditions of spatial design (Social Equity- - Urban structure, Land use) Limitations of system design Regulation, Leadership) Development of Participation Building Capacity envt. consciousness In planning in Envt. Education Heart ware (Environmental awareness. Resource conservation, ethics) Adopted from Sachihiko Harashina collaboration of citizens, enterprises and public administration

A New Beginning § Economic sustainability-productive use for the long-term benefit of the community, § § § without damaging or depleting the natural resource base Social sustainability - inclusiveness of all stakeholders Environmental sustainability - carrying capacity Institutional sustainability - quality of governance Link Urban sustainability with rural sustainability (Need for a mutually supporting life systems) Most important – Change in the attitude - Retaining the traditional values and the living standards. Billions of people are going to make their homes in cities over the next few decades — many in megacities and in slums where devastating poverty persists. We are going to spend tens, if not hundreds, of trillions on city building (Indian Govt. initiated a smart city programme to spend $16 billion in the next 5 years). It is crucial that we get it right.

§ § 1954 – one cookbook, 2000 an entire library 1954 – simple equipment, 2000 a whole battery of machines

The Sunday dinner: 1954 a feast; 2000 Mac. Donalds!

In circles?

Think Q & A

Economic Indicators Categories of Sustainability Income Employment Consumption Infrastructure and urban services Indicators of Urban Sustainability Unit Per capita income City GDP growth rate City product as a % of country’s GDP Consumer price index Share of organised employment Unemployment rate (%) Employment growth rate Water supply Water consumption Electricity consumption Energy consumption Food consumption (kg) US$/year US$. billion % Energy intensity of GDP MJ/$. km/1000 pop. Road length Hospitals/100, 000 population Bank branches/100, 000 pop. No. of telephones landlines per 100, 000 pop. share of HH with internet connections Share of HH with access to telephones (Landline) Public bus transport seats (per 1000 population) Para-Public (Auto, Taxi, transport seats (per 1000 population) Passenger carrying capacity per 1000 population Cars per 1000 population Two-wheelers per 1000 Ahme Banga Chenn Hyderab Luckn Mumbai dabad lore ai Delhi ad Kolkata ow Patna Pune Max. Min. 42, 257 4, 102 4, 797 9, 982 5, 534 3744 3, 158 6, 326 2, 540 2, 004 10 4, 192 1479 50. 8 83 65 150 52 90 14 168 10. 4 48 13. 3 1. 1 10. 1 8. 3 6. 2 8. 4 6. 8 5. 3 4. 5 8. 5 5. 6 7. 4 35. 73 2. 29 1. 79 4. 13 1. 43 2. 48 0. 39 4. 63 0. 29 1. 32 0. 40 21. 5 1. 40 191. 15 27. 68 28. 84 27. 35 30. 2 26 26. 81 27. 21 37. 33 24. 83 28. 18 80 15 51. 5 31 32. 2 29. 20 26. 5 32 22. 3 18 19 32. 8 50 4. 2 14. 7 15 14. 6 15. 5 15. 9 20. 4 25. 5 17 23. 2 14. 5 7. 2 -5 0. 8 6. 12 1 -4 -0. 8 -0. 04 0. 15 2. 9 -0. 5 -0. 6 527 53. 1 95 129 70 189 96 116 85 208 125 115 450 45 80 85 58 81 78 120 76 130 96 94 17619 352 1828 1576 1379 1888 1324 1104 1086 1600 695 1552 900 5. 2 18 17. 19 16. 1 21. 2 15. 5 12. 2 11. 5 15. 14 9. 1 15. 5 1. 9 0. 65 0. 9 0. 87 0. 93 1. 33 1. 17 1. 41 1. 4 1. 2 14. 8 0. 62 2. 20 1. 68 2. 15 2. 30 1. 91 1. 66 1. 75 1. 61 12. 3 0. 04 0. 17 0. 65 0. 61 2. 4 0. 20 0. 11 0. 15 0. 102 0. 13 0. 25 74. 4 0. 2 6. 3 13. 4 5. 9 11. 6 4. 6 2. 9 1 12. 1 0. 8 1. 1 95. 87 3. 14 11. 4 17 24. 9 15. 1 16 8. 8 4 7. 9 3. 6 10. 4 28000 350 9600 10, 823 4780 14500 5600 2800 4730 12973 2700 6540 100 2 37. 10 45. 68 51. 72 49. 08 61. 04 31. 21 11. 6 65. 22 15. 2 40. 0 100 12 48. 00 24. 1 23. 90 72. 50 28. 00 14. 00 23. 65 38. 2 13. 50 32. 70 105. 6 35 138. 1 84. 1 36. 3 33. 6 44 38. 2 72 61. 1 30. 5 35. 2 59. 4 30 37. 7 12. 5 19. 1 15. 6 11. 3 35 354 393 335 678 333 196 231 198 215 314 28 47 56. 6 86 26. 2 25. 5 18 26. 5 11. 5 19. 7 % CPI % % % l/d/cap k. Wh/y/cap GJ/y/cap kg/d/cap 205 6 5. 6 265 6, 277 740 587. 1 90 9. 5

Social Indicators Category Indicators of Urban Sustainability Max. Min. Bangalore Ahmedabad Mumbai Hydera Chennai Delhi bad Kolkata Lucknow Patna Pune City population (million) Population growth rate (%/annum) Population density (persons/sq. km) 0. 076 6. 2 8. 1 8. 7 16. 3 7. 7 14. 1 2. 32 18. 4 2 5 11. 4 % of population that are children Demographics 35 0. 29 2. 4 3. 25 1. 68 3. 4 2. 2 1. 74 2. 54 2. 3 3. 7 3. 1 111002 1800 21000 10931 26702 10984 7393 24252 3367 15646 1803 13908 11. 2 10. 31 8. 94 11. 76 10. 46 6. 69 11. 37 8. 34 13. 1 11. 6 945 922 986 875 945 899 915 810 882 897 848 941 964 866 938 930 905 910 883 892 4. 73 3. 24 4. 02 4. 9 4. 64 4. 39 5. 26 4. 5 5. 85 4. 19 4. 1 10 28. 8 11 0. 04 31. 2 12 44. 1 3. 1 12 2. 9 13. 4 3. 5 5. 8 2. 5 2. 8 4. 3 2. 7 4. 5 Gender ratio (Females/1000 males) Child sex ratio Average household size (no) Slum population (% of total) 5 15 734 1176 840 980 2 6. 8 0 45 20 Colleges/100, 000 eligible population 56 3. 2 20. 1 21. 21 15. 8 13. 4 21. 7 6. 45 10 8. 5 9. 5 33 Schools/1000 population 0. 955 0. 05 0. 35 0. 521 0. 24 0. 308 0. 39 0. 18 0. 08 0. 225 0. 12 0. 28 89. 6 88. 48 90. 18 86. 3 83. 2 87. 14 77. 3 90. 9 70. 7 91. 6 94 91. 82 93. 7 91 87 89. 08 82. 6 94. 9 78. 5 95. 1 Migration rate (%/annum) Education Literacy rate (%) Male literacy Female literacy 0. 1 48 100 60 45 100 84. 8 86. 6 80. 9 79. 4 84. 1 72. 5 86. 9 62 88 100 45 96 97 92 92 98 93 75 95. 25 80 98 137 3 26 40 39 34 64 17 11 24 8 42 42 3 19 25 16 24. 8 21 8 9 15. 2 12 20 Life expectancy at birth (years) Health School enrollment rate (No) Number of hospital beds per 10, 000 population Number of physicians per 10, 000 population 83. 75 48. 69 66. 5 70 81 73 67. 2 71. 3 60 71 67. 1 70. 5 Maternal mortality rate (per

Environment Indicators Categories of Sustainability Indicators of Urban Sustainability Unit Maxim Minim Bangal Mumb um um Ahmed ore Chenn ai Hyder Kolkat Luckn abad ai Delhi abad a ow Patna Pune CO 2 Emissions person [tonne per capita] 9. 7 GHG emission/city GDP (kg/US$ PPP) 0. 69024 Share of Renewable Energy in electricity generation % NO 2 emission (μg/m 3) PM 10 emission (μg/m 3) Percapita Solid waste (kg/cap/year) 0. 5 1. 2 1. 3 0. 91 2 1. 08 1. 83 0. 64 0. 78 0. 73 1. 31 0. 05 0. 13 0. 12 0. 06 0. 10 0. 18 0. 10 0. 17 0. 08542 9 0. 13 61 1 14. 6 52. 00 36 1. 3 34. 6 15 14. 5 21 11. 5 21 90 5 16 18 22 6 13 12 8 34 7 26 130 12 24 41 22 55 25 62 24 86 36 42 260 11 96 120 59 259 81 98 204 132 130 65 995. 6 100 135. 05 166. 5 167. 17 154 102 114 209 135. 05 128 100 16. 3 21. 6 11. 5 15. 5 16. 7 12. 6 16. 7 Global Climate Change 8 0. 27 0. 1924 0. 285 2 Share of waste water treated (%) 100 10 44 42. 4 35 55 39 20 30 67. 6 29 51 166. 3 0. 5 62 41 0. 8 18. 8 0. 6 1. 8 14 6. 6 16 14 SO 2 emissions (μg/m 3) Air Pollution Soil pollution % of solid waste that is recycled Dry waste capita (kg/cap/day) Water pollution Urban green spaces Green spaces/person (m 2) 8 11. 7 0. 05 0. 1517 22. 5 15. 5 0. 82 0. 2542 0. 2475 0. 3078 0. 29 0. 1034

Institutional Indicators Categories of Sustainability Indicators of Urban Sustainability Unit Maxim Minim um um Banga lore Ahme dabad Mumb ai Chenn Hyder Kolkat Luckn ai Delhi abad a ow Patna Pune Quality of city system City competitiveness Voter turnout (%) 100 26 63 61. 1 62. 3 69. 7 61. 8 61. 5 34. 5 67. 8 38. 5 59. 9 95 35 62 56 68 65. 1 53. 3 61 53. 02 53 45. 3 54. 1 Citizen participation Work participation (%) 100 24. 5 29. 2 37. 8 34. 3 37. 7 34. 5 37. 6 22. 8 39. 3 20. 2 40. 8 8. 9 0. 9 1. 5 3 2. 9 1. 2 4. 4 2. 9 1. 3 3. 3 1. 5 3. 5 8. 8 0. 5 2. 9 2. 2 3. 9 2. 9 4. 2 0. 8 2. 6 0. 7 3 9. 9 0. 6 2. 5 0. 9 2. 2 2. 9 2. 1 2 1. 4 2. 7 1. 6 2. 8 9. 4 1 3. 2 1. 9 4. 1 2. 2 2. 6 3. 5 2. 2 3. 5 2. 3 3. 9 9. 5 0. 2 4. 5 2. 9 3 1. 5 2. 8 2. 5 1. 1 2. 3 1. 2 2. 2 Citizen participation Urban planning and design Urban capacities and resources Governance Political representation Ease of process in govt. services