Water Resources of Turkey Emphasis on Karst International

Water Resources of Turkey Emphasis on Karst International Research Center For Karst Water Resources Hacettepe University Ankara http: \www. karst. hacettepe. edu. tr

Distribution of Precipitation Over Turkey Annual Mean=680 mm For the Near East: 205 mm.

Climate in Turkey Humid or Arid ?

GEOLOGICAL MAP OF TURKEY

Total Potential of Water Resources In Turkey

Potential of Surface Water Resources in Turkey Anual Mean Flow Ratio (millon m 3) (%) Euphrates 34. 7 18. 7 Tigris 22. 6 12. 2 Eastren Black Sea 19. 2 10. 3 Antalya 14. 4 7. 7 Western Mediterrenean 9. 1 4. 9 Eastern Mediterrenean 9. 0 4. 8 Western Black Sea 7. 5 4. 0 Ceyhan 6. 9 3. 7 Seyhan 6. 3 3. 4 Kızılırmak 5. 9 3. 2 Çoruh 5. 6 3. 0 Yeşilırmak 5. 1 2. 7 Aras 5. 0 2. 7 Sakarya 5. 0 2. 7 Others 29. 7 16. 0 TOTAL 186 100 Basins

Who Is Water Rich and Who Is Poor? Is it only the amount ? World Water Council 3 rd Water Forum Water Poverty Index (WPI) resources-access-capacity-use-environmental impact Among 147 countries Haiti Worst-Finland Best Why WPI: Because it makes the links between • poverty, • social deprivation, • environmental integrity, • water availability and • Health enabling the policy makers and stakeholders to identify where problems exist and the appropriate measures to deal with their causes. .

Resource Access Capacity Use Environment WPI HDI Congo (Rep) 17. 1 10. 3 11. 8 7. 3 10. 9 57. 3 0. 502 Finland 12. 2 20. 0 18. 0 10. 6 17. 1 78. 0 0. 925 France 7. 0 20. 0 18. 0 14. 1 68. 0 0. 924 Germany 6. 5 20. 0 18. 0 6. 2 13. 7 64. 5 0. 921 Haiti 6. 1 6. 2 10. 5 6. 5 5. 8 35. 1 0. 467 Iran 6. 8 14. 8 15. 5 13. 5 9. 8 60. 3 0. 714 Israel 0. 8 16. 7 16. 8 10. 9 8. 6 53. 9 0. 893 Italy 7. 7 19. 8 17. 4 5. 3 10. 7 60. 909 Nigeria 7. 4 7. 5 8. 5 10. 4 10. 1 43. 9 0. 455 Oman 3. 1 17. 5 16. 2 11. 7 10. 9 59. 4 0. 747 S. Arabia 0. 2 14. 9 16. 1 13. 7 7. 7 52. 6 0. 750 Sudan 7. 9 9. 1 9. 8 14. 6 7. 9 49. 4 0. 439 Syria 6. 3 11. 8 14. 9 14. 0 8. 1 55. 2 0. 700 Turkey 7. 8 14. 8 13. 1 10. 7 10. 1 56. 5 0. 735 U. K. 7. 3 20. 0 17. 8 10. 3 16. 0 71. 5 0. 923

Problems Related To Water Resources in Turkey Quantity Consequences: Quality Depletion of groundwater level Loss of wetlands Polluted surface waters Polluted groundwater Salinization of coastal groundwaters Rapid and uncontrolled changes in land-use Rapid and uncontrolled growth Deficiencies ? Lack of advanced technologies? qualified personnel ? integrated approach? Institutional structure (vertical-lateral coordination)? policies based on knowledge of the phenomena? participation of the locals in planning and implementing? public awareness ?

DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

KARSTIFIED ROCKS IN TURKEY Carbonate Rocks: Metamorphic>> Paleozoic Recrystallized>> Mesozoioc Detritic with varying impurities >>Paleogene-Neogene Evaporitic: Mainly within Oligocene-Miocene Clay-Clayey Units Miocene Conglomerate: Carbonate component & matrix Surface Area : 780 500 sq. km Carbonate rocks: Total : 1/3 of surface area Exposure: 1/5 of surface area

TECTONIC STRUCTURE OF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION 1 -EUROSIAN PLATE 2 -AFRICAN PLATE 3 -IRAN PLATE 4 -SOUTH CAUCAS PLATE 5 -ANATOLIAN PLATE 6 -AEGEAN PLATE 7 -BLACK SEA PLATE a-compressional b-extensional c- movement direction

TECTONIC PROVINCES OF TURKEY (From Sengor et. Al, 1985)

NEOTECTONIC MAP OF TURKEY

LATE MIOCENE PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL MAP OF TURKEY

DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST Tectonics Lithology Source of Energy Gradient Climate Criterion: Morphology & Hydrological Function Erosion Base Control

DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST Lithology: • Petrography: Degree of Diagenesis/Content of Impurities • Thickness : Relative to erosion base controller • Mode of Existence: Authocthonous/Allochthonous Tectonic: • Compression: contraction/extension • Tension: contraction/extension Source of Energy Gradient: Erosion Base Controller: • Uplift (tectonics) • Sea Level • Eustatic Sea Level Changes • Interior Lake Level Changes • River Incision • Impervious Unit Climate: • Wet: Cold/Hot • Dry: Cold/Hot

EARLY MIOCENE

MIDDLE MIOCENE

LATE MIOCENE

PLIOCENE

PRESENT PLEISTOCENE

Change in Average Elevation of the Topographic Surface since Early Miocene

EVOLUTION OF CENTRAL TAURUSCENTRAL ANATOLIA

DESCRIPTION OF TURKISH KARST

Lithology: Mainly dense- recrystallized (Mesozoic) High degree diagenesis Moderately thick-authocthounous Tectonic: West Anatolian Extensional Source of Energy Gradient: Originally uplift Erosion Base Controller: Aegean Sea Level Climate : Pronounced effect controlling karstification Morphology: Sub-Vertical to vertical development Shallow / moderately deep -intensive Drainage: Subsurface drainage-capture by surface Karst: Uncovered-sumberged Hydrogeological function: High yield aquifers Extending phreatic zone by submerge Lithology: Mainly dense- recrystallized (Mesozoic) Thick-to very thick authocthounous/allochthonous Tectonic: Extension+Contraction due to compression Source of Energy Gradient: rapid-very rapid uplift Erosion Base Controller: Mediterranean sea level Climate : Well pronounced effect Morphology: vertical deep-very deep-intensive to extensive Drainage: completely subsurface drainage Karst: bare-mainly recent-paleo in places Hydrogeological function: High to very high yield aquifers Extended vadoze zone+deep phreatic zone

Code Name Type Alt. (m) Q (l/s) T (C) p. H EC ( S/cm) GK-1 Azmak-Duvar Dibi K 1. 7 15. 80 7. 36 1973 GK-2 Azmak-Kümes K 1 15. 72 7. 40 2355 GK-3 Cennet Restaurant K 0. 8 15. 78 7. 45 2753 GK-4 Halil'in Yeri Rest. K 0. 6 14. 88 7. 52 1719 GK-6 Deniz-1 Restaurant K 0. 4 15. 98 7. 31 10447 GK-5 Belediye Kuyuları Ku. 2 15. 62 7. 64 1443 GK-7 Deniz-2 Restaurant K 0. 5 30 l/s 15. 58 7. 33 5658 GK-8 Çınaraltı K 0. 5 10 l/s 15. 58 7. 40 5522 GK-9 Akbük Limanı K 0. 5 70 l/s 17. 32 7. 17 8483 GK-10 A Ören (Acısu) I K 1 50 l/s 17. 07 7. 26 10846 GK-10 B Ören (Acısu) II K 1. 5 60 l/s 17. 17 7. 22 8431 GK-11 Algı Köyü K 660 10 l/s 14. 94 7. 25 535 GK-12 Yeniköy K 850 5 l/s 14. 36 7. 60 403 GK-13 Bağyaka Köyü K 600 30 l/s 11. 46 8. 15 317 GK-15 Akçapınar Köyü K 9 1. 244 m 3/s 16. 46 7. 36 629 GK-16 A Kuyu - I Ku. 2 20 l/s 16. 22 7. 75 865 GK-16 B Kuyu - II Ku. 2 20 l/s 16. 57 7. 74 658 GK-16 C Kuyu - III Ku. 2 20 l/s 16. 55 7. 87 554 11. 6 m 3/s 30 l/s