Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay

Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs Compled by: Tetereva Anna, Yakubova Anactasia, Nikonov Roman, Balakshina Yuliya, Lvova Lada, Lebedeva Irina, Chulkova Natalya, Neshadim Anastasia, Ilina Elizaveta, Metina Viktoriya. Group: TR-112, MZ-112 Supervisor: Prof. T. N. Fedulenkova Vladimir, 2014

The British Museum is a museum in London, founded in 1753. It contains one of the world's richest collections of antiquities and (until 1997) one of the largest libraries in the world: British Library. The British Museum's collection of seven million objects representing the rich history of human cultures mirrors the city of London's global variety. It includes monuments of primitive and antique culture, Ancient East culture, the richest collection of engravings, pictures, ceramics, coins. In no other museum can the visitor see so clearly the history of what it is to be human.

The State Hermitage Museum The collection of the State Hermitage includes more than three million works of art and artefacts of the world culture. Among them are paintings, graphic works, sculptures and works of applied art, archaeological finds and numismatic material. The main architectural ensemble of the Hermitage situated in the centre of St Petersburg consists of the Winter Palace, the former state residence of the Russian emperors, the buildings of the Small, Old (Great) and New Hermitages, the Hermitage Theatre and the Auxiliary House. The museum complex also includes the Menshikov Palace and the Eastern Wing of the General Staff building, the Staraya Derevnya Restoration and Storage Centre and the Museum of the Imperial Porcelain Factory.

The Museo del Prado is the main Spanish national art museum, located in central Madrid. It features one of the world's finest collections of European art, dating from the 12 th century to the early 19 th century, based on the former Spanish Royal Collection, and unquestionably the best single collection of Spanish art. Founded as a museum of paintings and sculpture in 1819, it also contains important collections of other types of works. El Prado is one of the most visited sites in the world, and is considered one the greatest museums of art in the world. The numerous works by Francisco de Goya, the single most extensively represented artist, as well as by Diego Velázquez, El Greco, Titian, Peter Paul Rubens and Hieronymus Bosch are some of the highlights of the collection. The collection currently comprises around 7, 600 paintings, 1, 000 sculptures, 4, 800 prints and 8, 200 drawings, in addition to a large number of other works of art and historic documents. By 2012 the Museum will be displaying about 1, 300 works in the main buildings, while around 3, 100 works are on temporary loan to various museums and official institutions. The remainder are in storage. The museum received 2. 8 million visitors in 2012. The best-known work on display at the museum is Las Meninas by Velázquez not only provided the Prado with his own works, but his keen eye and sensibility were also responsible for bringing much of the museum's fine collection of Italian masters to Spain, now the largest outside of Italy.

The Louvre or the Louvre Museum is one of the world's largest museums and a historic monument. A central landmark of Paris, France, it is located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the 1 st arrondissement (district). Nearly 35, 000 objects from prehistory to the 21 st century are exhibited over an area of 60, 600 square metres. The Louvre is the world's most visited museum, and received more than 9. 7 million visitors in 2012. The museum is housed in the Louvre Palace, originally built as a fortress in the late 12 th century under Philip II. Remnants of the fortress are visible in the basement of the museum. The building was extended many times to form the present Louvre Palace. In 1682, Louis XIV chose the Palace of Versailles for his household, leaving the Louvre primarily as a place to display the royal collection, including, from 1692, a collection of ancient Greek and Roman sculpture. In 1692, the building was occupied by the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres and the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculpture, which in 1699 held the first of a series of salons. The Académie remained at the Louvre for 100 years. During the French Revolution, the National Assemblydecreed that the Louvre should be used as a museum to display the nation's masterpieces. The museum opened on 10 August 1793 with an exhibition of 537 paintings, the majority of the works being royal and

The National Gallery is an art museum in Trafalgar Square in London. Founded in 1824, it houses a collection of over 2, 300 paintings dating from the mid 13 th century to 1900. The Gallery is an exempt charity, and a non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. Its collection belongs to the public of the United Kingdom and entry to the main collection is free of charge. It is the fourth most visited art museum in the world. Unlike comparable museums in continental Europe, the National Gallery was not formed by nationalising an existing royal or princely art collection. It came into being when the British government bought 38 paintings from the heirs of John Julius Angerstein, an insurance broker and patron of the arts, in 1824. After that initial purchase the Gallery was shaped mainly by its early directors, notably Sir Charles Lock Eastlake, and by private donations, which comprise two-thirds of the collection. The resulting collection is small in size, compared with many European national galleries, but encyclopaedic in scope; most major developments in Western painting "from Giotto to Cézanne“ are represented with important works. It used to be claimed that this was one of the few national galleries that had all its works on permanent exhibition, but this is no longer the case.

The Museum of Liverpool in Liverpool, England, is the newest addition to the National Museums Liverpool group having opened in 2011 replacing the former Museum of Liverpool Life. National Museums Liverpool intention is for the new venue to tell the story of Liverpool and its people, and reflect the city’s global significance. The museum is housed in a new purpose-built building on the Mann Island site at the Pier Head. The museum, designed by architects 3 XN and engineers Buro Happold, was expected to cost £ 72 million and provide 8, 000 square metres of exhibition space, housing more than 6, 000 objects. There also plans to have flexible spaces that regularly change to enable National Museums Liverpool to show more of their collections

Many of the collections formed during the Renaissance were symbols of social prestige and served as an important element in the traditions of the However, the developing spirit of inquiry brought to collecting a different meaning and purpose as well as a much wider group of collectors. These new collectors, concerned with enjoyment and study and the advancement of knowledge, were equally concerned with the continuity of their collections. If the guaranty of succession could not be found in the family unit then the route of succession had to be formed in other places, and the public unit provided greater security. Public collections. The earliest recorded instance of a corporate body receiving a private collection occurs in the 16 th century with the bequests of the brothers Cardinal Domenico Grithani and Antonio Grimani to the Venetian republic in 1523. In the following century the Zurich municipal authority received some collections from churches. To some extent the emerging learned societies also were becoming repositories for such collections, in addition to developing their own. The first public museums, The first of the public bodies to receive such a collection, erect a building to house it, and make it publicly available was the University of Oxford. The building was its Ashmolean Museum opened in 1683. Tile 18 th century saw the opening of two of Europe's outstanding museums, the British IVIuseunt in London, in 1759 and The Louvre, in Paris, in 1793. The British Museum was lot med as the result of government's acceptance ol responsibility to preserve and maintain three collections "not only rot. The inspection and en 1 ei 1 ainmen 1 or the learned and the curious, but for the general use and benefit of (lic public". These were housed in Montagu I louse, in liloomsbery, specially bought For this purpose. The collections had been made by Sir Robert Cotton, Robert Ilarley, and Sir flans Sloane. Public access to the British Museum was free of charge from the beginning. Before the end or the 18 th century the phenomenon of the museum had spread to oilier parts of the world. Museums were termed in America, Indonesia, India. The 19 th century saw the appearance of new museums elsewhere. Among the most remarkable museums were the Prado in Madrid opened in 1819,

the Hermitage MUSCUM dating from 1852 when Nickolas I made available to the public the major collection or the Russian tsars, the National Gallery in London, founded In Britain, in the middle of the 19 th century, social reforms to overcome problems resulting front industrialization contributed to the development of municipal museums. The support a museums by local authorities was seen as a means or providing both instruction and entertainment to the town population. Museums were also viewed as t means -Rm. promoting industrial design and scientific and technical achievement. Such promotion was the motivation behind the science Museum in London. Its founding collections were acquired from the Great Exhibition or 1851 - the first of the world fairs 'the first of the historic house museums, a type characteristic of the United States, was I fashrouck House, at Newburgh, N. Y. , which served as the final I headquarters of George Washington in tile Revolutionary war. It was during the second half of the 19 th century that museums began to spread in Europe. About 100 opened in Britain in the 1870 s and 'Ns. 'This was also a period of innovation. The Liverpool Museum in England, For example, began circulating specimens to schools for educational purposes; panoramas and habitat groups were used to facilitate interpretations. The increase in the number or museums was not characteristic only of Europe. New museums were founded in North and South America, India, China, Japan and Africa. A period of reassessment. The first loll of the 20 th century saw the profound social consequences or two world wars, the Russian Revolution, and periods of economic recession. For museums in Europe this was a period of major reassessment. The role of museums in a changing society was reviewed and a number of suggestions to improve their service to the public were m ides.

In the Soviet Union, collections and museums were brought under state control following the Revolution. The number of museums trebled in the 20 year's time. Not only was much of the country's artistic, historic and scientific heritage brought together in museums, but other types of museums emerged as well. Among these were the memorial museums housing the personal effects of well-known figures. Particular attention was given to gathering material related to Russia's three revolutions, and in 1924 the central Order of Lenin Museum of the Revolution in Moscow was founded to house the collection. Museums were also seen as an important means of political propaganda, and the VI Lenin Central Museum in Moscow, opened in 1936, served this purpose. In Germany a large number of regional museums were established after World war I to promote the history and important figures of the homeland. 'The museums undoubtedly encouraged nationalism. In the industrialized world new types of museums appeared. Some nations attempted to preserve and display structures and customs of their more recent past. Open-air museums appeared. The preservation and restoration of entire settlements in situ also began. A new type of science museum also emerged in which static displays were replaced with demonstrations. New developments and new roles. The years following World War were a period of remarkable achievement for museums. Museums became an educational facility, a source of leisure activity, and a means of communication. Their strength lay in the fact that they were repositories of the "real thing", which could inspire a sense of wonder, reality, stability, and even nostalgia. In Europe particularly there was a period of postwar reconstruction. Many art treasures had been removed to places of safety during the war, and they now had

to be recovered and redisplayed. In some cases museums and their collections had been destroyed. This reconstruction provided opportunities for the realization of some of the ideas that had been advanced earlier in the century. A new approach emerged in which curators in the larger museums became members of a team comprising scientists as conservators, designers to assist in exhibition work, educators to develop facilities for both students and the public, information scientists to handle the scientific data and even marketing managers to promote the museum and its work. Attendance figures give an indication of the new popularity of museums. One report from the United States in the 1970 s, for example, estimated that more than 300, 000 visits a year had been made to some I. S. 00 or the country's museums, and during the same period the Soviet Union's state museums alone recorded about 140, 000 visits annually. Certainly some of the oldest established museums in 1 u 1 ope, such as the British Museum, the Louvre, and the Hermitage, each regularly attract more than 3. 000, 000 visitors a year. Many of the visitors are tourists, and governments recognize the value of museums in attracting foreign visitors and the museums' contribution to the economy. Among other factors that have contributed to the development of museums is an increased concern for the environment and the need to preserve it. Many sites of scientific significance have been preserved and interpreted, and historic sites and buildings have been restored and used as museums. This has led to the development of historic and natural landscapes as museums, such as the restoration of the walled medieval cities at Suzdal and Vladimir in Russia.

Another related development was the ecomuseum, such as the Musee de l'Homme et de l'Industrie in France. Many of the older museums have been refitted and extended to meet more exacting requirements for the preservation of cultural property and to provide better facilities for visitors. A number of new major museums have also been built. Among, these is the 'Museum of London which has been built to tell the story of the capital and its surrounding area. Many buildings of historical significance also have been adapted to house museums. vii. Give the Russian for: The route of succession, private collection, the learned, the curious, instruction. major collection, the world fair. the final headquarters, number of suggestions, an important means of political propaganda, to promote important figures of the homeland, recent past, open-air museum, a sense of wonder, some cases, marketing manager, museums' contribution to the economy, a building of historical significance.

Answer the questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What was the reason of establishing of museums? What was the earliest recorded instance of a corporate body receiving a private collection? In what way did public collections develop? When did the first public museums appear? What outstanding Europe’s museums saw opening in the 18 th century? How did the British museum start? By what time had the phenomenon of the museum spread to other parts of the world?

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. When did the most remarkable museums (such as The Prado, The Hermitage, The Nation Gallery) appear? What social reforms contributed to the development of municipal museums? Museums were also viewed as a means for promoting industrial design and scientific and technical achievement, were they not? Where was the first historic house museum establish? How many museums were opened in Britain during the second half of the 18 th century? What was a period of major reassessment for museums in Europe? What do you know about the development of museums in the Soviet Union?

Test: Many … the collections formed … the Renaissance were symbols … social prestige … served as an important element … the traditions … the However, the developing spirit … inquiry brought to collecting a different meaning … purpose as well as a much wider group … collectors. These new collectors, concerned … enjoyment … study … the advancement … knowledge, were equally concerned … the continuity … their collections. If the guaranty … succession could not be found … the family until then the route … succession had to be formed … other places, … the public unit provided greater security.

Public collections. The earliest recorded instance … a corporate body receiving a private collection occurs … the 16 th century … the bequests … the brothers Cardinal Domenico Grithani … Antonio Grimani to the Venetian republic … 1523. … the following century the Zurich municipal authority received some collections … churches. To some extent the emerging learned societies also were becoming repositories … such collections, … addition to developing their own. The first public museums. The first … the public bodies to receive such a collection, erect a building to house it, … make it publicly available was the University … Oxford. The building was its Ashmolean Museum opened … 1683. Tile 18 th century saw the opening … two of Europe's outstanding museums, the British IVIuseunt … London, … 1759 … The Louvre, … Paris, … 1793. The British Museum was lot med as the result … government's acceptance ol responsibifity to preserve … maintain three collections "not only rot.

A period … reassessment The first half of the 20 th century saw the profound social consequences or two world wars, the Russian Revolution, … periods … economic recession. … museums … Europe this was a period … major reassessment. The role … museums … a changing society was reviewed … a number … suggestions to improve their service to the public were m ides.

Key words The Establishing of Museums The Renaissance Public collections The first public museums A period of reassessment New developments and new roles The phenomenon of the museum The remarkable museums

Bibliography Mark Brown, arts correspondent. "The British Museum celebrates 255 years with record visitor numbers". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 January 2014. Letter to Charles Long (1823), BMCE 115/3, 10. Scrapbooks and illustrations of the Museum. (Wilson, David, M. ) (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press, pg 346 Norman, Geraldine (1997), The Hermitage; The Biography of a Great Museum, New York: Fromm International, ISBN 0 -88064 -190 -8 New Boss at Louvre's helm". BBC News. 17 June 2002. Retrieved 25 September 2008. Top 100 Art Museum Attendance, The Art Newspaper, 2014. Retrieved on 10 July 2014.