Visible Near-Infrared Spectrometer Thermal Infrared Spectrometer and Neutron Detector

Visible/Near-Infrared Spectrometer, Thermal Infrared Spectrometer, and Neutron Detector Life in the Atacama 2004 Science & Technology Workshop J. Moersch U. Tennessee Carnegie Mellon

Overview Description of capabilities, operational considerations, and outstanding issues for three instruments in this year’s field test: • Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrometer • Thermal Infrared Emission Spectrometer • Neutron Detector Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 1 Carnegie Mellon

Visible/Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectrometer • Measures reflected light (from Sun or artificial source) off target as a function of wavelength. • Ratio of (measured radiance / incident radiance) is Reflectance. • Reflectance spectra in the 0. 35 – 2. 5 µm are diagnostic of a number of minerals and organic compounds. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 2 Carnegie Mellon

Vis/Near-IR spectra can be used to distinguish between broad classes of minerals 3

Vis/Near-IR spectra can also be used to distinguish between minerals within a particular group 4

Organic matter can also be identified (e. g. chlorophyll) 5

ASD Portable Vis/Near-IR Field Spectrometer Laptop Fiber Optic Pan/Tilt Platform Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 1 deg. Foreoptic 6 Carnegie Mellon

ASD Vis/Near-Ir Portable Field Spectrometer Some Specs: Wavelength range: 350 -2500 nm Spectral Resolution: 3 -10 nm Field of View: 1° (1. 7 cm @ 1 m range) Time req’d for one spectrum: 1 -2 seconds in sunlight Data interface: Parallel cable to computer Data volume: 9 kb/spectrum Power: Internal Ni. MH (2 hour endurance) Dimensions: 33 x 11 x 41 cm Mass: 8. 6 kg Two of these instruments will be available – one on the rover (primary), one humancarried (backup). Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 7 Carnegie Mellon

ASD Vis/Near-IR Portable Field Spectrometer Calibration accomplished by taking spectrum of a white reference standard every ~10 minutes (more often if conditions varying). Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop Spectra may be taken at night or under cloudy sky using an artificial illumination source. This also provides access to spectrum in the H 20 absorption bands. 8 Carnegie Mellon

Vis/Near-IR Spectrometer Operational Considerations • Spectrometer mounted to rover, with 1 -degree foreoptic mounted to mast, approximately co-located with panoramic cameras • Images may be used to select targets. Instrument may also be pointed “in the blind” using azimuth and elevation angles. • Targets can be individual points or raster patterns. • Spot size is 1. 7 cm @ 1 m range. With artificial illumination source, spot size is about 5 cm. • Calibration target mounted on rover deck. “Dark current” calibration (internal to instrument) also possible. • Data will be returned as binary files. RST will have software to turn these into spectra, and spectral libraries for compositional analysis. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 9 Carnegie Mellon

Vis/Near-IR Spectrometer Open Issues • Backup spectrometer will be shipped off to manufacturer for spectral resolution upgrade before field expedition. • Best method for shipping to Chile? • How to target if backup spectrometer used? • Other issues on CMU side? Integration with rover? Software for targeting and data product tracking? Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 10 Carnegie Mellon

Thermal Infrared Emission Spectrometer • Measures emitted radiance from target • Ratio of (Measured target radiance / Radiance of perfect blackbody at same temperature) is called Emissivity. • Emissivity spectra are diagnostic of mineral/rock compositions Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 11 Carnegie Mellon

Example Thermal IR spectra Christensen et al. 1985 After Christensen et al. , 1992 12

Boba Fett Hill Contact (Marsokhod 1999 experiment) 13

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Optical head Foreoptic Mike Computer controller Instrument will be operated as standalone, simulated to be on the rover. 15

ASU D&P Thermal Infrared Field Spectrometer Some Specs: Wavelength range: ~8 – 12 µm Spectral Resolution: 6 cm-1 (0. 04 -. 09 µm) Time req’d for one spectrum: <10 minutes Field of view: 4. 8° (8. 2 cm @ 1 m range) Data interface: Integrated computer Data volume: 36 kb/spectrum Power: 12 V 7 -hour battery pack Dimensions: 36 x 20 x 23 cm Mass: 7 kg Coolant: Liquid nitrogen in on-board dewar Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 16 Carnegie Mellon

D&P Portable Thermal-IR Field Spectrometer: Calibration • Each target spectrum requires four measurements: • Target spectrum • Hot blackbody spectrum • Cold blackbody spectrum • Downwelling radiance spectrum measurement • Calibration of raw spectra will be accomplished by the RST using supplied software Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 17 Carnegie Mellon

Thermal-IR Spectrometer Operational Considerations • Spectrometer is not mounted to the rover – operated by field personnel in a stand-alone mode at the end of each sol. • Instrument can only be used in “single point” mode – rastering not possible because it has no precise az/el pointing (it’s pointed by eye). • Calibration spectra will be acquired with each spectrum or set of spectra at a single site. • Spectral acquisition can be cumbersome. At beginning of field test, a limit of 6 spectra per sol will be imposed. If we find we can handle more, we will advise the RST of a higher limit per sol. • Data will be returned as raw radiance spectra of the target and calibrators. RST will have software to turn these into spectra, and spectral libraries for compositional analysis. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 18 Carnegie Mellon

Thermal IR Spectrometer Open Issues • Need to find a source of liquid nitrogen in town • Best method for shipping to Chile? • How to identify targets? Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 19 Carnegie Mellon

Neutron Detector • Counts neutrons coming up from the surface in two different energy ranges: a) all energies, b) energies above the Cd-cutoff (epithermals) • Ratio of [(All – Epithermal) / Epithermal] is sensitive to amount of hydrogen within sensing radius (0. 5 – 1 m) Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 20 Carnegie Mellon

Neutron Detector: Physical processes Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 21 Carnegie Mellon

Neutron Detector: Sensitivity Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 22 Carnegie Mellon

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Neutron Detector: Systematic Traverse Measurements “Pure Dry” Traverse measurements “Pure Wet” Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 26 Carnegie Mellon

Neutron detector Some Specs: Time req’d for one measurement : ~10 minutes Sensing radius (depends on density) : ~ 0. 5 – 1. 0 m Data interface: Serial RS-232 to Tablet PC Data volume: A few bytes per measurement Power: 14 V laptop batteries Radiation source: Encapsulated pellet of 252 Cf (gives about 104 neutrons/second) Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 27 Carnegie Mellon

Neutron Detector Operational Considerations • Instrument is not mounted to the rover – operated by field personnel in a stand-alone mode at the end of each sol. Instrument will be wagon-mounted to keep the geometry of the detector tubes fixed. • Instrument is not “pointable” – it simply senses hydrogen abundance within a certain range. • Measurements with this instrument should not yet be interpreted in terms of absolute H abundances, but as relative abundances (e. g. , “wetter” or “dryer”). • Not possible to distinguish between possible sources of H – could be water, could be in minerals. • At beginning of field test, a limit of 6 measurements per sol will be imposed. If we find we can handle more, we will advise the RST of a higher limit per sol. • Data will be returned as a single number at each position, the ratio of thermal/epithermal counts. Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 28 Carnegie Mellon

Neutron Detector Open Issues • Co-I was recently in an accident – may or may not be healed in time. His presence may be critical to the success of this instrument. • Finding an appropriate isotopic source and getting it to/from Chile is a big issue not yet resolved. • Need to buy a wagon in Chile. • Best method for shipping instrument to Chile? • How to identify targets from RST? Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 29 Carnegie Mellon

Personnel Jeff Moersch (UT): Field team lead on all three instruments Darrell Drake (LANL): Field team – neutron detector Mike Wyatt (ASU): Field team – thermal infrared spectrometer Mike Rampey (UT): Field team Jen Piatek (UT): Remote science team lead on all three instruments Life in the Atacama 2004 Workshop 30 Carnegie Mellon