Verbals Objectives • Recognize gerunds and supply appropriate modifiers of gerunds. • Identify and remedy split infinitives that result in awkward sentences. • Correctly punctuate introductory and other verbal phrases. Ch. 11 - 2
Verbals • Avoid writing awkward participial phrases. • Spot dangling verbal phrases and other misplaced modifiers. • Rewrite sentences to avoid misplaced verbal phrases and modifiers. Ch. 11 - 3
What are verbals? • Verbals are words that are derived from verbs. • Three kinds of verbals: Gerunds (verbal nouns) Infinitives (verbal nouns or verbal adjectives) Participles (verbal adjectives) Ch. 11 - 4
Gerunds • A verb form ending in ing and used as a noun is called a gerund. Advertising is important to our economy. ^subject Travis sought a career in selling. ^object Ch. 11 - 5
Gerunds • In using gerunds, be sure that the nouns and pronouns modifying them are possessive. The auditor questioned Mr. Lee’s traveling first class. We appreciate your informing us of the error. Ch. 11 - 6
Infinitives • When the present form of a verb is immediately preceded by to, the most basic verb form results: the infinitive. Try to arrive early. Ch. 11 - 7
Infinitives • In using infinitives, do not substitute the conjunction and for to. Check to see that the door is locked. (NOT Check and see that. . ) Ch. 11 - 8
Infinitives • In using infinitives, avoid split infinitives that result in awkward sentences. Awkward: Mrs. Jameson was asked to, as soon as possible, complete the report. Better: Mrs. Jameson was asked to complete the report as soon as possible. Ch. 11 - 9
Check your skill. . . Select the correct word. 1. We objected to (Bill/Bill’s) accepting the shipment without prior approval. Ch. 11 - 10
Check your skill. . . Select the correct word. 1. We objected to (Bill/Bill’s) accepting the shipment without prior approval. Ch. 11 - 11
Check your skill. . . Select the correct word. 2. Be sure (to/and) set your alarm. Ch. 11 - 12
Check your skill. . . Select the correct word. 2. Be sure (to/and) set your alarm. Ch. 11 - 13
Check your skill. . . Select the correct sentence. 3. (a) We expect to, when all the facts are gathered, make a recommendation. (b) When all the facts are gathered, we expect to make a recommendation. Ch. 11 - 14
Check your skill. . . Select the correct sentence. 3. (a) We expect to, when all the facts are gathered, make a recommendation. (b) When all the facts are gathered, we expect to make a recommendation. Ch. 11 - 15
Participles • Verb forms functioning as adjectives are called “participles. ” The person selling office equipment tried to reach you. Ch. 11 - 16
Participles • Avoid using awkward participles. Awkward: Being he applied first, Mr. Sands will receive the appointment. Better: Because he applied first, Mr. Sands will receive the appointment. Ch. 11 - 17
Punctuating Verbal Forms Introductory Verbal Forms • When a verbal form such as an infinitive or a participle precedes a main clause, it is followed by a comma. To improve sales, we launched a concerted campaign. Ch. 11 - 18
Punctuating Verbal Forms Completing his call, Jeff closed his cell phone. Answering customers’ calls is Jeff’s job. ^ subject of the sentence ^no comma Ch. 11 - 19
Punctuating Verbal Phrases • Verbal phrases may be essential or nonessential to the meaning of sentences. • Nonessential verbal phrases that interrupt the flow of sentences should be set off by commas. Ch. 11 - 20
Punctuating Verbal Phrases Ridgecrest Homes, opening a new suburban tract, advertised heavily. The company opening a new suburban tract advertised heavily. Ch. 11 - 21
Placement of Verbal Phrases Introductory Verbal Phrases • To avoid dangling modifiers, immediately follow verbal phrases with the words they can logically modify. Ch. 11 - 22
Placement of Verbal Phrases Illogical: Locked securely in the vault, only Mrs. Mc. Kee had access to the jewels. Logical: Locked securely in the vault, the jewels were accessible only to Mrs. Mc. Kee. Ch. 11 - 23
Placement of Verbal Phrases in Other Positions • In addition to introductory phrases, verbal phrases in other sentence positions must also be placed close to the words they describe. Ch. 11 - 24
Placement of Verbal Phrases Illogical: We saw a four-car accident driving to the office. Logical: Driving to the office, we saw a four-car accident. Ch. 11 - 25
Check your skill. . . Improve the following sentence. 1. To receive a certificate, 30 credit units must be completed. Ch. 11 - 26
Check your skill. . . Improve the following sentence. 1. To receive a certificate, 30 credit units must be completed. To receive a certificate, you must complete 30 credit units. Ch. 11 - 27
Check your skill. . . Improve the following sentence. 2. Working overtime, the printing job was finally finished. Ch. 11 - 28
Check your skill. . . Improve the following sentence. 2. Working overtime, the printing job was finally finished. Working overtime, the printers finally finished the printing job. Ch. 11 - 29
Check your skill. . . Improve the following sentence. 3. His wallet was found by Mr. Irwin lying behind the counter. Ch. 11 - 30
Check your skill. . . Improve the following sentence. 3. His wallet was found by Mr. Irwin lying behind the counter. Mr. Irwin found his wallet lying behind the counter. Ch. 11 - 31
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 1. Nearly everyone objected to him smoking in the office. Ch. 11 - 32
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 1. Nearly everyone objected to him smoking in the office. Ch. 11 - 33
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 1. Nearly everyone objected to his smoking in the office. Ch. 11 - 34
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 2. If the car is low on gasoline, be sure and fill its tank before you leave. Ch. 11 - 35
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 2. If the car is low on gasoline, be sure and fill its tank before you leave. Ch. 11 - 36
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 2. If the car is low on gasoline, be sure to fill its tank before you leave. Ch. 11 - 37
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 3. Being you have already finished, please help Susan complete her work. Ch. 11 - 38
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 3. Being you have already finished, please help Susan complete her work. Ch. 11 - 39
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 3. Since you have already finished, please help Susan complete her work. Ch. 11 - 40
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 4. The government strongly protested Japan dumping microprocessing chips on local markets. Ch. 11 - 41
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 4. The government strongly protested Japan dumping microprocessing chips on local markets. Ch. 11 - 42
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 4. The government strongly protested Japan’s dumping microprocessing chips on local markets. Ch. 11 - 43
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 5. Completing her report before the deadline Lisa decided to proofread it one more time. Ch. 11 - 44
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 5. Completing her report before the deadline Lisa decided to proofread it one more time. Ch. 11 - 45
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 5. Completing her report before the deadline, Lisa decided to proofread it one more time. Ch. 11 - 46
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 6. The student acting as representative for the entire group of business administration majors agreed to support the proposal. Ch. 11 - 47
Chapter 11 - Quiz Correct any improper usage of verbals in the following sentence. The sentence may already be correct. 6. The student acting as representative for the entire group of business administration majors agreed to support the proposal. Correct Ch. 11 - 48
Chapter 11 - Quiz Insert needed commas. The sentence may already be correct. 7. Michael Melville recognizing the opportunity for promotion to supervisor immediately prepared his application. Ch. 11 - 49
Chapter 11 - Quiz Insert needed commas. The sentence may already be correct. 7. Michael Melville recognizing the opportunity for promotion to supervisor immediately prepared his application. Ch. 11 - 50
Chapter 11 - Quiz Insert needed commas. The sentence may already be correct. 7. Michael Melville, recognizing the opportunity for promotion to supervisor, immediately prepared his application. Ch. 11 - 51
Chapter 11 - Quiz Restate the following sentence to eliminate misplaced modifiers. Retain any introductory verbal phrases. Add commas where necessary. 8. To be eligible for a prize of $1 million a postcard must be sent immediately. Ch. 11 - 52
Chapter 11 - Quiz Restate the following sentence to eliminate misplaced modifiers. Retain any introductory verbal phrases. Add commas where necessary. 8. To be eligible for a prize of $1 million, you must send a postcard immediately. Ch. 11 - 53
Chapter 11 - Quiz Restate the following sentence to eliminate misplaced modifiers. Retain any introductory verbal phrases. Add commas where necessary. 9. When interviewing for a job the employment application must be filled in carefully by the applicant. Ch. 11 - 54
Chapter 11 - Quiz Restate the following sentence to eliminate misplaced modifiers. Retain any introductory verbal phrases. Add commas where necessary. 9. When interviewing for a job, the applicant must carefully fill in the employment application. Ch. 11 - 55
Chapter 11 - Quiz Restate the following sentence to eliminate misplaced modifiers. Retain any introductory verbal phrases. Add commas where necessary. 10. Noxious fumes made passing motorists ill coming from the overturned tanker. Ch. 11 - 56
Chapter 11 - Quiz Restate the following sentence to eliminate misplaced modifiers. Retain any introductory verbal phrases. Add commas where necessary. 10. Noxious fumes coming from the overturned tanker made passing motorists ill. Ch. 11 - 57
END Ch. 11 - 58
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