Valentino Cavalli TERENA Developments of Research Networking in

Valentino Cavalli TERENA Developments of Research Networking in Europe Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 1

About this talk • What is TERENA • Technical developments in Europe in the context of TERENA Task Forces • A study on technical evolution of research networking in Europe Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 2

TERENA Organisation • Association of European National Research & Education Networks • Not for Profit - under Dutch Law • Founded 1987 (as RARE) • Secretariat (12 FTE) • 32 National Members (NRENs, including Red. IRIS) • 2 International Members: (CERN, ESA) • 11 Associate Members: – (DANTE, NORDUnet, Commercials) • Permanent Observer: – European Commission • http: //www. terena. nl Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 3

TERENA’s Mission • • Represent common interests and opinions of membership. – Make political and industrial contacts. – Lobby European Union and national governments. – Liaise with other continents (e. g. APAN, UCAID – Internet 2) Knowledge Transfer – Conferences (Rhodes, 7 -10 June 2003), Workshops & Seminars. – Developing informational, best-practice and training material. Technical Programme – Develops, tests and promotes new technologies, services and applications. – Task Forces, Projects and Workshops. Fostering new services • TERENA does not run a network ! • • Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 4

TERENA Task Forces • Small groups of volunteers working on specific problems ranging from applications to middleware and lower layers. • Limited duration, typically 2 years. • Open to any individual or representative offering expertise, manpower, equipment or services. • Set of defined tasks and deliverables. • Each task force has its own mailing list & web-space • TERENA provides organisational and secretarial support. • http: //www. terena. nl/tech/task-forces/ Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 5

Task Force Netcast • • • Survey national streaming media content. Develop an announcements portal. Develop a common metadata model. European live streaming infrastructure. Steps towards liaison with Internet Streaming Media Alliance (ISMA) • http: //www. terena. nl/tech/task-forces/tf-netcast/ Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 6

Task Force CSIRT • • Promotes collaboration and knowledge transfer between European CSIRTs. Includes NREN, ISP, government and commercial CSIRTS. • • Trusted Introducer Service Incident Object Description & Exchange Format RIPE IRT object Clearing House for Incident Handling Tools CSIRT training course (TRANSITS) Incident Information Exchange (e. CSIRT. net) Assistance to new CSIRTs (Best Current Practice) Incident Handling Procedures • http: //www. terena. nl/tech/task-forces/tf-csirt/ Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 7

Task Force Mobility • Transfer AA information between organisations so that a user from a different organisation may gain wired or wireless access to 1) the visiting organisation’s network or 2) the visitor’s home network for home authentication and network access • Evaluate mobile equipment and software, AA techniques (e. g. web-based, 802. 1 x, VPNs) • Several NRENs use a hierarchy of RADIUS proxy servers for their national infrastructure • Define an inter-NREN roaming architecture: build and scale a RADIUS proxy hierarchy for non-VPN AA. • http: //www. terena. nl/tech/task-forces/tf-mobility/ Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 8

Task Force AACE • Investigates issues related to deployment of AA and other security-related services. • Focus on interoperability: architectural concepts, attribute syntax and semantics, protocols • Close collaboration with Internet 2 Middleware Initiative. • Documentation about common practices in European R&E: – PKI authentication – Available AA solutions • Repository of NRENs Root-CA certificates • http: //www. terena. nl/tech/task-forces/tf-aace/ Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 9

Task Force NGN • Forum to discuss and test new networking technologies for use in future European backbone, NREN or campus networks. • Lead by DANTE staff, undertakes GÈANT Test Programme • Qo. S (LBE, Premium IP, AF based services, Qo. S monitoring and management), multicast, IPv 6, MPLS, optical networking, performance monitoring, PERT, multi -domain layer 2 VPNs. • http: //www. terena. nl/tech/task-forces/tf-ngn/ Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 10

SERENATE • A strategic study into the evolution of European research and education networking over the next 5 -10 years • Likely technical, commercial and political evolution over the next few years, and to formulate recommendations of general applicability • EU FP 5 project, partners are: Academia Europaea, Central Technical Institute of the University of Denmark, DANTE, European Science Foundation and TERENA • D 9: Study on developments of equipment for optical transmission, switching and routing • http: //www. serenate. org Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 11

Current Environment • Shared IP, basically best-effort and ubiquitous any-to-any service • Networks currently over-provisioned (with exceptions in some countries and generally at the campus level) • Guaranteed performance and traffic engineering mostly at the IP routing layer • Simple and transparent model, easy management Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 12

Emerging factors • Access to fibre much easier than in the past: universities and NRENs exploring a DIY approach towards network infrastructure • Developments of WDM equipment, opto-electronics and all-optical devices. • Increased availability of (but also requirement for) bandwidth • Changes in traffic patterns due to peer-to-peer and Grid applications • Need for high-bandwidth end-to-end services between a limited number of locations to support large data flows • Dynamic, on-demand bandwidth management, requiring network-aware middleware Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 13

What are NRENs facing? • DIY approach towards network infrastructure, but to what extent? Campus, National, International? • Depends on reach, but is actually happening at Campus and National level. • More complex internationally, not only because of distance, but also need to provide services end-to-end across multiple administration domains • New expertise also required • Change of traditional customer-supplier relationship with carriers, more collaboration is possible and needed Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 14

Technology • Optical transmission – Optical fibre – WDM equipment • Switches • Routers Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 15

Optical transmission • Wide availability of fibre but limited to certain locations (even within a country) • Need for amplification, signal regeneration, dispersion compensation: limitations of existing fibre plants • Different access options: – leased connectivity, managed fibre, long-term lease, fibre ownership • Cost effectiveness: Dark fibre vs managed wavelength • Issue: Operation might require install and maintain equipment at remote locations for NRENs Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 16

WDM equipment • transmission technology allowing today (DWDM) up to 40 Gbit/s on a single wavelength, up to 160 -190 wavelength per fibre, up to several Tbit/s per fibre • Analogue technology, standardisation limited to ITU Wavelength Grid, limited interoperability • Lot of dependency on fiber type and quality, dispersion, etc. , needs to be tailored to each specific situations Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 17

Capacity and reach • Transmission capacity at 40 Gbit/s per wavelength (channel) available, multiples of 40 Gbit/s being tested – Costs of the electronics impact on interfaces, router line-cards, etc. – Market demand not clear yet • Depending on fibre type current 2. 5 -10 Gbit/s systems require regeneration after 4 -5 amplification spans (spans varying between 80 -120 km) so 400 -600 km, new generation ULH systems can reach up to 4000 km • CESNET experiences with NIL up to 230 km (GE and 2. 5 Gbit/s), 180 km at 10 GE Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 18

Optical switching • Wavelength termination and signal regeneration require OEO conversion, transponders are very expensive, but OOO Switching equipment terminates only local traffic and does not impact on express traffic • OOO switches are signal-transparent, lower unit cost, smaller footprint and lower operational costs • Generally support a variety of framing interfaces SONET/SDH, GE, 2. 5, 10 GE, G. 709, GFP • Electrical technology still needed at user interface for multiplexing and bandwidth grooming Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 19

Routing • Wide range of functionality supported: IPv 6, multicast, Qo. S, MPLS • G-MPLS already available, but little interoperability • Support for multiple 10 Gbit/s, 40 Gbit/s bit-rate interfaces is available, but line-rate interfaces exploiting the full capacity of transmission links are not there yet – Cost of ASICs – mass production • Driving introduction of 40 Gbit/s Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 20

Network Management • A mix of networking elements requiring a unified control plane and sophisticated management systems to seamlessly manage network and transport layer • Several signalling protocols being standardised by IETF and ITU-T • Inter-operability, and multi-domain management still represent a challenge – More cooperation among network operators to provide e 2 e services across domains Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 21

# of users A ADSL B C BW requirements Gig. E LAN A -> Lightweight users, browsing, mailing, home use B -> Business applications, multicast, streaming, VPN’s, mostly LAN C -> Special scientific applications, computing, data grids, virtual-presence Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 22

Tot Bandwidth A B C ADSL Gig. E LAN BW requirements A -> Need full Internet routing, one to many B -> Need VPN services on/and full Internet routing, several to several C -> Need very fat pipes, limited multiple Virtual Organizations, few to few or point-to-point Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 23

Economics • Big sciences need fat pipes • Over-provisioning is no longer a cost effective solution to serve all user’s needs • Costs of fibers are one/third of the equipment needed to light them up • Gigabit core routers increasingly expensive at higher speed: costs of (electrical) optical equipment one/fifth of full routing equipment (for same throughput) • Circuit switching addresses “heavy” user needs Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 24

Network architecture • Simple extension of shared IP model does not scale, need to explore hybrid network architecture solutions, which serve all users in a single consistent and cost effective way • Routers and switches can be combined in providing a flexible network architecture – Limited cost saving but more efficient way of serving users – Engineering traffic not only at layer 3 but also at layers 2 and 1 Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 25

Conclusions • Simple extension of shared IP model does not scale, need to explore hybrid solutions – Circuit/lambda switching coexisting with IP routing • 40 Gps/s will happen, but as multiple 10 G first • Access to optical infrastructure is important • Exploitation of dark fibre depend on economics and reach – At less than 200 km NIL solutions seem viable • Management functions crossing multiple domains are being developed, but: – more work in standardisation of signalling protocols – address complexity of providing end-to-end services in multi-domain (and multi-vendor) environment Jornadas Técnicas Red. IRIS, Mallorca, 7/11/2003 Valentino Cavalli 26