Valentin Lavrentievich Yanin and Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov. Andrei

Valentin Lavrentievich Yanin and Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov Was born 21 of May, in1921. Was a Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. He earned renown as the designer of the Soviet Union's Third Idea, a codename for Soviet development of thermonuclear weapons. Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and civil reforms in the Soviet Union

Sakharov entered Moscow State University in 1938. Following evacuation in 1941 during the Great Patriotic War, he graduated in Turkmenistan. He was then assigned laboratory work in Ulyanovsk. During this period, in 1943, he married Klavdia Alekseyevna Vikhireva, with whom he raised two daughters and a son before she died in 1969. He returned to Moscow in 1945 to study at the Theoretical Department of FIAN (the Physical Institute of the Soviet Academy of Sciences). He received his Doctor of Philosophy. in 1947.

In mid-1948 he participated in the Soviet atomic bomb project under Igor Kurchatov and Igor Tamm. The first Soviet atomic device was tested on August 29, 1949. After moving to Sarov in 1950, Sakharov played a key role in the development of the first megaton-range Soviet hydrogen bomb using a design known as "Sakharov's Third Idea" in Russia and the Teller-Ulam design in the United States. It was first tested as RDS-37 in 1955.

He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975. The Sakharov Prize, which is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, is named in his honor.

The Sakharov Prize, established in 1988 and awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms, was named in his honor. An Andrei Sakharov prize is also to be awarded by the American Physical Society every second year from 2006, "to recognize outstanding leadership or achievements of scientists in upholding human rights". The Andrei Sakharov Prize For Writer's Civic Courage was established in October 1990.

Valentin Lavrentievich Yanin Valentin Lavrentievich Yanin, born 6 February 1929 in Vyatka, is a leading Russian historian who has authored 700 books and articles. He has also edited a number of important journals and primary sources, including works on medieval Russian law, sphragistics and epigraphy, archaeology and history. His expertise is medieval Rus' especially Novgorod the Great, where he has headed archaeological digs beginning in 1962.

Yanin finished his secondary education in 1946, graduating with a Gold Medal; he matriculated at Moscow State University in 1951. In 1954, he defended his Kandidat thesis on the monetary systems of pre-Mongol Rus. This was published as The Monetary and Weight System of Medieval Russia and has become a classic.

In 1964, Yanin became professor in the department of archaeology in the Faculty of History at Moscow State University. Since 1978, Yanin has held the chair in archaeology at the Moscow University. He is a member of the President's Committee for the Defense of the Material Culture of the Russian Federation and a member of the Consultative Committee of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.

In 1962, he was elected a corresponding member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences; he became a full academician in 1990. In 1999, he became the first historian to be awarded the Lomonosov Gold Medal. His other awards include the Order of Lenin, the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the USSR State Prize (1970), the Lenin Prize (1984), the Demidov Prize(1993), the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1996), the Triumph Prize (2002), and the Solzhenitsyn Prize (2010). He is an honorary citizen of Novgorod the Great and an honorary member of the Novgorodian Society of Lovers of Antiquities.

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