Using APA Format Why Use APA Format

Using APA Format

Why Use APA Format? Allows readers to cross-reference your sources easily Provides consistent format within a discipline Gives you credibility as a writer Protects yourself from plagiarism

Cross-Referencing Your Sources Cross-referencing allows readers to locate the publication information of source material. This is of great value for researchers who may want to locate your sources for their own research projects.

Using a Consistent Format Using a consistent format helps your reader understand your arguments and the sources they’re built on. It also helps you keep track of your sources as you build arguments.

Avoiding Plagiarism Proper citation of your sources in APA style can help you avoid plagiarism, which is a serious offense. It may result in anything from failure of the assignment to expulsion from school.

A few words on plagarism Academic honesty and integrity! You are academically dishonest if: Someone writes your paper for you You purchase a paper You copy a paper from online You fail to cite your sources Your present someone else’s ideas as your own ◦ You use a previously written paper for another assignment ◦ ◦ ◦

APA Style: Quotations “Give credit where credit is due” (APA, 2001, p. 349) ◦ Direct quotation Quotation marks around text ◦ Paraphrase Must be entirely original ◦ Permission to reproduce Deals with copyright issues

APA Style: Citation of Sources “Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, you must credit the source … For a direct quotation in the text, the information provided will vary depending on whether your source was in print or electronic form. When citing print sources, give the author, year, and page number in parentheses” (APA, 2001, p. 120).

Paraphrasing versus Quoting It is preferable to paraphrase, rather than quote, the ideas of others unless the wording is so wonderful that a quote is warranted.

Paraphrasing Original wording It is preferable to paraphrase, rather than quote, the ideas of others unless the wording is so wonderful that a quote is warranted. Paraphrased wording It is generally better to use your own words to describe someone else’s ideas instead of restating someone else’s words verbatim.

To avoid plagiarism Use quotation marks if a direct quote. But be reasonable. You “don’t” need “a” quotation “mark” around every “stupid word” that the “original” “author” “used. ” Provide page numbers. Paraphrase. Be sure your reader knows who read what.

Solution 2: Block Quote Direct quotes 40 words or more. Indent five spaces on the left; same margin on the right. Usually no need for opening or closing ellipses. Final punctuation comes before the parenthetical element. . too simplistic, however. (p. 294)

Solution 2: Block Quote as when Rifkind (1996) suggested that Disneyland has been a strong influence on the mall. On the model of theme park, the mall is a false-fronted, set-aside universe, prettied up, polished to a shine, and heavily patrolled. . The mall and theme park are also alike in their nostalgia for the past, optimism for the future, focus on consumption, and protection from diversity. (p. 267)

Key Points to Remember cont. ◦ Citations should follow every sentence where the words and ideas are not original unless it is clear from the context that multiple sentences came from the same source.

Rules for all Quotations Anything that is directly quoted from someone else’s work must be encased in quotation marks and properly cited or with ellipsis points. Use 3 ellipsis points (…) to indicate that material has been omitted within a sentence. Use 4 ellipsis points (…. ) to indicate material has been omitted between sentences (the first point indicates the period at the end of the first sentence quoted).

Rules for all Quotations cont. Provide the author, year of publication, and specific page number of quote. Include a complete reference for all quotations in the reference list. Can use brackets to insert material not used by original author (explanation for example) or [sic]

Citations

When do you cite your sources in your paper? When you’re referring to an idea or concept you drew from something you read. When you quote from something you read or heard. When you want to give the reader some other places to look for additional information.

Paraphrasing Scott (1992) identified… Several researchers (Anthony, 1990; Gregory & Jacobs, 1985; Polk et al. , 1980) reported… Or at the end of a sentence paraphrased from another work (Scott, 1992).

In-text Citations A study by Pogoff and Pogoff (1997) suggested that workers in cubicles tend to steal office supplies (p. 436). A recent study (Pogoff & Pogoff, 1997) suggested that workers in cubicles tend to steal office supplies (p. 436). Pogoff and Pogoff (1997) found that “workers in cubicles confiscate office products” (p. 436).

Citing while paraphrasing List the last names of all authors the first time you cite them, unless there are more than 5. If there are more than five, or you are citing the paper of 3 or more authors for a second or more time, list last name of first author, followed by “et al. , ” and the date.

Examples Scott, Williamson, and Schaffer (1990) reported that… (FIRST TIME) Scott et al. (1990) reported that (EVERY TIME AFTER) Scott and Williamson (1990) reported that… (FIRST TIME and EVERY TIME) 6 or more authors, use “et al. , ” first time and every time.

Handling Parenthetical Citations Sometimes additional information is necessary. . . More than one author with the same last name (H. James, 1878); (W. James, 1880) Two or more works in the same parentheses (Caruth, 1996; Fussell, 1975; Showalter, 1997) Work with six or more authors (Smith et al, 1998) Specific part of a source (Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

Handling Parenthetical Citations If the source has no known author, then use an abbreviated version of the title: Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers” Citation: (“California, ” 1999)

Handling Parenthetical Citations A reference to a personal communication: Source: email message from C. Everett Koop Citation: (C. E. Koop, personal communication, May 16, 1998) A general reference to a web site Source: Purdue University web site Citation: (http: //www. purdue. edu)

Edited books (pp. 204 -205 in APA) The chapter or article author gets the in-text citation--NOT the book editor. So if Reagan, R. wrote a chapter called “Ethics of Leaders” in a book edited by Clinton, W. called Absolved of Responsibility, then Reagan gets the in-text citation and Clinton shows up only in the Reagan spot in the reference list and in a White House intern’s diary.

In text of Reagan (1987), who called his handling of the Iran-contra affair “a masterpiece of obsfucation” (p. 356). Reference List Reagan, R. (1987). Ethics of leadership. In W. Clinton (Ed. ), Absolved of responsibility (pp. 351 -360). San Clemente, CA: Nixon Press.

Secondary Sources Cite the secondary source in the reference list. In text, name the original work and give a citation for the secondary source. Text Citation: Block’s study (as cited in Kubsch & Gallagher-Lepak, 2004) …. . Reference List Entry: Kubsch, M. , & Gallagher-Lepak, S. (2004). Nursing models for the postmodern era. Advances in Green Bay Nursing Chronicle, 22, 446 -450.

ONE WORK BY ONE AUTHOR Author surname and year of publication • Kubsch (2003) compared nurse staffing patterns………… • In a recent study of nurse staffing patterns, it was found that …. . (Kubsch, 2003). ONE WORK BY TWO AUTHORS ◦ Always cite both names every time the reference appears ◦ Connect the last names of a multiple author work with an ampersand (Smith & Smith, 2004).

Electronic Citations Start with APA’s basic forms. If it’s electronic, cite it as such. Be “creative” about page numbers. Include the date that you retrieved a nonpermanent electronic source. http: //www. apastyle. org/elecref. html

Citing Electronic References in Text: No Author Listed If you cannot find an author, cite the first few words of the reference list entry (usually the title and year). The homepage of UW-Green Bay’s Professional Program in Nursing (2003) has a Power. Point presentation about APA format (American Psychological Association Writing, 2003).

References

Reference Page A list of every source that you make reference to in your essay. Provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your essay. Each retrievable source cited in the essay must appear on the reference page, and vice versa.

A Sample Reference Page

• One Author: Brookfield, S. (1993). On impostorship, cultural suicide, and other dangers: How nurses learn critical thinking. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 24, 197 -205. • Two Authors: Kane, D. , & Thomas, B. (2000). Nursing and the “F” word. Nursing Forum, 35(2), 17 -24.

Three to Six Authors: Ossana, S. M. , Helms, J. E. , & Leonard, M. R. (1992). Do “womanist” identify attitudes influence college women’s self –esteem and perceptions of environmental bias? Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 402 -408.

More than Six Authors: Sherr, M. , Maddox, J. E. , Mercandante, B. , Prentice. Dunn, S. I. , Jacobs, B. , Rogers, R. W. , Katz, M. , et al. (1982). The self-efficacy scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 81, 663 -671.

Single-authored book Perloff, R. M. (1995). The dynamics of persuasion. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. *Note: In the 5 th edition of APA, there is NO underlining (everything that was underlined is now in italics).

Reissued book Newcomb, H. (Ed. ). (1995). Television: The critical view (5 th ed. ). New York: Oxford University Press. *Note: Capitals in the title of the book are restricted to the first letter of the first word of the title, the first letter of any proper names, and the first letter of the first word after a semicolon, period, or question mark.

Dual-authored book Baran, S. J. , & Davis, D. K. (1995). Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. *Note: when listing authors, use an ampersand (&) in the reference list, not “and. ”

Edited Book: Belenky, M. F. , Clinchy, B. M. , Goldberger, N. R. , & Tarule, J. M. (Eds. ). (1997). Women’s ways of knowing. New York: Basic Books. No Author or Editor: Roget’s II: The new thesaurus (3 rd ed. ). (1995). New York: Houghton Mifflin.

Essay or chapter in an edited book Bryant, J. (1989). Message features and entertainment effects. In J. J. Bradac (Ed. ), Message effects in communication sceince (pp. 231 -262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. *Note: You must include the page numbers if you’re just referencing one part of a book.

Online periodical: Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (2003). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume, page numbers. Retrieved month, day, year, from URL. Online document: Author, A. A. (2003). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

1. Articles are duplicates of print versions, therefore, the same basic primary journal reference is used 2. Make a note of “electronic version” Goldberger, N. (1997). Ways of knowing: Does gender matter? [Electronic Version]. Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 5, 117 -123.

Where can you go for additional help with APA documentation? Web sites: http: //owl. english. purdue. edu/wor kshops/pp/index. html http: //www. wooster. edu/psycholog y/apa-crib. html http: //www. drgwen. com/ http: //www. ischool. utexas. edu/~dc plumer/coursesopn/GWP-APA. ppt http: //www. library. kent. edu/files/A PA_style. ppt http: //www. uwgb. edu/nursing/Doc s/APA. ppt http: //legacy. waldenu. edu/acadrsrcs/writing-center/apa 4 printb. ppt

Where can I go to learn APA style? Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5 th edition) Your textbook (Appendix A. . Although be sure to note changes) Various internet sites, such as http: //www. lib. usm. edu/~instruct/guides/ap a. html (make sure they’re reputable!)

Where Do I Find APA Format? Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5 th ed. www. apastyle. org Composition textbooks OWL website: owl. english. purdue. edu

Structure of paper

If you have references, tables, and appendices… They go in this order… 1. Title page 2. Abstract 3. Body of Paper 4. References 5. Appendices 6. Notes 6. Tables, Figures, etc.

Spacing (APA 5. 11) Normally, double space between lines Space once after all punctuation: ◦ ◦ Commas, colons, semicolons After punctuation mark at end of sentence After periods in reference citation Periods in initials of personal names

Contains 5 Elements: Page Header and Page Number Running Head for Publication Title of the Manuscript Byline or the Author’s Name Institutional Affiliation

Title Page Papers in APA style require a title page. The running head will be used as the header for the whole paper. 50 Character length Include the paper’s title and the author’s name and affiliation.

Headings (APA 3. 31) Using headings makes it easier to navigate your paper. In a short paper like your lit review, you’d probably only use the firstlevel heading, but this is what they look like in order: First-Level Heading Second-Level Heading Third-level heading. Begin text of paragraph…

HIGHEST LEVEL Next Level Next level.

ONE HEADING: Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) TWO HEADINGS: Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading (Level 3)

THREE HEADINGS: Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase, and Lowercase Side Heading (Level 3) Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 4)

FOUR HEADINGS: Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 2) Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading (Level 3) Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 4)

FIVE HEADINGS: CENTERED UPPERCASE HEADING (Level 5) Centered Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 1) Centered, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading (Level 2) Flush Left, Italicized, Uppercase and Lowercase Side Heading (Level 3) Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading ending with a period. (Level 4)

Example of headings Asthma: Cause and Treatment I. III. A. B. C. Causes Review of normal physiology Pathophysiology in asthma Common causes Diagnosis Signs and symptoms Allergy testing Lung functions Treatment Control of triggers Staging 1. Mild intermittant 2. Mild persistent 3. Moderate persistent 4. Severe persistent C. Clinical therapies 1. Beta 2 -agonists 2. Corticosteroids 3. Anticholinergics 4. Methylxanthines D. Peak flow monitoring A. B.

Headings: 3 levels Causes of Asthma (Level 1) Etiology of asthma (Level 3) Review of normal physiology (Level 4) Pathophysiology in asthma Common causes

Example of headings: 4 levels Asthma: Cause and Treatment I. III. A. B. C. Causes Review of normal physiology Pathophysiology in asthma Common causes Diagnosis Signs and symptoms Allergy testing Lung functions Treatment A. Control of triggers B. Staging 1. Mild intermittant a. Characteristics b. Treatment plan 2. Mild persistent a. Characteristics b. Treatment plan 3. Moderate persistent a. Characteristics b. Treatment plan 4. Severe persistent a. Characteristics b. Treatment plan C. Peak flow monitoring

Headings: 4 Levels Treatment of Asthma (Level 1) Control of triggers (Level 2) Mild intermittent (Level 3) Characteristics (Level 4) Staging Treatment plan Mild persistent Characteristics Treatment plan Peak flow monitoring

Introduction: Contents & Characteristics Type title of manuscript at top center. Capitalize first letter of all verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and first letter of the first word after a colon or dash as well as both words of a hyphenated word Exception: In titles of books and articles in reference lists, capitalize the first word, all proper nouns, the first word after a colon or hyphen, and only the first word of a hyphenated compound.

Expressing Ideas and Reducing Biases (See chapter 2 in APA Manual) Maintain continuity between words, themes, and sections. ◦ Use punctuation marks to show relationships. ◦ Use transitional words, phrases, and paragraphs. Say only what needs to be said. ◦ Avoid jargon, redundancy, and wordiness. ◦ Use direct, declarative sentences of various lengths that are logically composed.

Expressing Ideas and Reducing Biases cont. Precision and Clarity ◦ Do not use third person when speaking about self. ◦ Avoid colloquial expressions such as write up for report. ◦ Restrict the use of “we” to yourself and co-authors not the broader meaning

Expressing Ideas and Reducing Biases cont. Grammar ◦ Use active rather than passive verbs whenever possible. ◦ Use past tense to express action that occurred at a specific time in the past. ◦ Use the present tense to express past action that did not occur at a specific time or action that began in the past and continues to the present. ◦ Subject and verb must agree in number (singular vs. plural). ◦ Noun and pronoun must agree in number. See Section 2. 06 -2. 08 for more details.

Example Passive ◦ The experiment was designed by Simpson (2004) to…. . Active ◦ Simpson (2006) designed the experiment to demonstrate…. .

Expressing Ideas and Reducing Biases Level of Specificity ◦ Gender is a cultural term used to refer to men and women as social groups. ◦ Sex is used when a biological distinction is preferred. Use of Labels ◦ Use adjectives to describe people (elderly people) or put the person first (people who are elderly) rather than saying “the elderly. ”

Expressing Ideas and Reducing Biases cont. Disabilities ◦ Do not equate people with a condition (“schizophrenics” or “the disabled”). ◦ The words “challenged” and “special” should be used only with permission. Age ◦ Be specific in providing age ranges. ◦ Avoid open ended descriptors such as “over 65. ” ◦ Use “boy” and “girl” when referring to high school age and younger. ◦ Use “men” and “women” for those aged 18 and older.

Expressing Ideas and Reducing Biases cont. The first time a term to be abbreviated is used, write it out completely and follow it by its abbreviation in parentheses. The American Nurses Association’s (ANA) standards ……(2001). When referring to the same term later in the paper, the abbreviation can be used. The ANA (2001)……. .

On Numbers (APA 3. 42 -3. 47) Remember: Normally, numbers 10 and higher are written as numerals. Nine and lower are written out. Many exceptions where they appear as numerals so check the manual Do not start a sentence with a numeral NO: 59% of the sample…. YES: Fifty-nine percent of the sample…

Commas Insert a comma in a series of three or more nouns or noun phrases before the words and or or: bacon, lettuce, and tomato Do use a comma in numbers: 4, 356 weiners. Do use a comma in citations (Jones, 1995). Do not use a comma between month/year: May 1999 By the way, no apostrophe in 1990 s.

Capitals and Colons Do not capitalize job titles unless preceding the name. A superintendent; the former president; President Bill Clinton. Uppercase the word after a colon if complete sentence; lowercase if fragment. No colon if “midsentence” after a preposition or conjunction. One space preferred after a colon and period.

Semicolons X Can be used to connect two independent clauses: I did at one time experiment with cocaine, however, that was a youthful indiscretion that I absolutely will not discuss. I did at one time experiment with cocaine; however, that was a youthful indiscretion that I absolutely will not discuss.

On Abbreviations Use etc. , e. g. , and i. e. only inside parentheses Postal abbreviations in reference lists. U. S. only as adjective (otherwise, United States). Abbreviate measurements--12 min, 18 hr, 5 lb --but overall, “use abbreviations sparingly” Underline statistical abbreviations Uppercase N means total sample; lowercase n means subsample

Miscellaneous Data and media are plural. Use respectful and inclusive language. Avoid first person American not British English Avoid contractions.

Organizes elements of the statement, concept or idea Clarifies the sequence or relationship between elements Indicated when elements are lengthy or complex Used to facilitate reader comprehension

Within a sentence or paragraph Identify each element with a small letter enclosed in parentheses. Separate paragraphs in a series Identify each element with a number.

EXAMPLE WITH COMMAS: The nursing process contains five steps including (a) assessment, (b) diagnosis, (c) planning, (d) implementation, and (e) evaluation.

EXAMPLE WITH COLONS: Bonnie Wesorick’s (1986) research identified three dimensions of professional practice: (a) independent, which is least reported by hospital nurses; (b) interdependent, which is reported more frequently than independent and involves many different disciplines; and (c) dependent, which is reported most frequently by hospital nurses.

Number paragraphs to itemize conclusions or steps in a procedure. Each paragraph of the series is numbered. The number is followed by a period. The number IS NOT enclosed in parentheses.

EXAMPLE OF A PARAGRAPH IN A SERIES The literature on Oppressed Behavior indicates nurses exhibit a variety of behaviors in the workplace: 1. Silence and a lack of voice (paragraph cont. ) 2. Inability to organize and form coalitions (paragraph cont. ) 3. Horizontal violence among and between colleagues (paragraph cont. )

Seriation (APA 3. 33) Vertical lists, use 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. . In the paragraph, use (a), (b), (c). . The rules for punctuation within lists are tricky.

Remember that this Power. Point presentation does not replace the APA manual. You must still purchase the 5 th edition.