Скачать презентацию Using 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite for Скачать презентацию Using 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite for

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Using 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite for Rock Face Characterisation Jason Birch, Managing Using 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite for Rock Face Characterisation Jason Birch, Managing Director ADAM Technology sales@adamtech. com. au http: //www. adamtech. com. au Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Session Overview • Company Background • Principals of 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Session Overview • Company Background • Principals of Photogrammetry • 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite • Components • General Workflow • Key Features • Image Capturing Methods • Applications • Common Problems • Q&A Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Company Background • 20 years’ experience in the 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Company Background • 20 years’ experience in the photogrammetric industry (founded in 1986) • Designed, manufactured, and sold hundreds of analytical stereoplotters worldwide, including many MPS-2 s to mining companies • Embarked on what was to become the 3 DM technology (3 -dimensional, Dynamic Measurement) in 1996 • Developed and installed many custom photogrammetric factory control systems in Japan for glass bottle making (3 DM Gob) and rubbish pit control (3 DM Bunker) • Wholly Australian-owned private company — all research, development, and manufacturing conducted in Perth, Western Australia Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Principals of Photogrammetry The location of any point 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Principals of Photogrammetry The location of any point in an image can The location of any point in the real world be described with just two co-ordinates: can be described by three co-ordinates: (x, y). Images are only two-dimensional. (x, y, z), (latitude, longitude, altitude), etc. The real world is three-dimensional. Photogrammetry is the science of using 2 D images to make accurate measurements in 3 D. To do that, the information that was lost when the image was captured needs to be recovered. Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Principals of Photogrammetry Problem: The light that hits 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Principals of Photogrammetry Problem: The light that hits a given pixel in the image could have come from any point along the ray from the pixel, through the perspective centre, into the scene. Focal Length Perspective Centre Image Sensor Possible points of origin Top-down view Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Principals of Photogrammetry Solution: Adding another image taken 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Principals of Photogrammetry Solution: Adding another image taken from a different location allows us to intersect the rays and determine the 3 D location of the point where the light came from! Image Sensor Unique 3 D location! Top-down view Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Principals of Photogrammetry Information needed to determine 3 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Principals of Photogrammetry Information needed to determine 3 D locations: 1. The location of each camera’s perspective centre. 2. The orientation (rotation) of each camera about its perspective centre. Exterior Orientation 3. The location of the point on each image sensor. Image Matching This is the essence of photogrammetry! Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Determining Exterior Orientations Absolute orientation: • All data 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Determining Exterior Orientations Absolute orientation: • All data is registered in a real-world co-ordinate system using known points (control points and/or camera stations) • At least three known points required in project (regardless of how many images are used) Relative orientation: • Data is registered in an arbitrary co-ordinate system (can be specified) • Scale normally provided by known separation(s) between camera positions and/or known distances between points in scene • All images in project must be “connected” Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Determining Exterior Orientations Inputs: • • • Image 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Determining Exterior Orientations Inputs: • • • Image co-ordinates of all control points and relative-only points Image co-ordinate sigmas (Sx, Sy) Control point co-ordinates Camera station co-ordinates Individual co-ordinate sigmas for both control points and camera stations (Sx, Sy, Sz) Outputs: • • Adjusted image co-ordinates for all points Adjusted control point co-ordinates Exterior orientations Derived ground co-ordinates for all of the relative-only points Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Important Characteristics of Photogrammetry • Relatively range-invariant — 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Important Characteristics of Photogrammetry • Relatively range-invariant — simply choose the lens required to obtain the desired ground pixel size: Focal Length Image Object Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Important Characteristics of Photogrammetry • Accuracy highly configurable 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Important Characteristics of Photogrammetry • Accuracy highly configurable — planimetric accuracy depends on image accuracy and ground pixel size; depth accuracy additionally depends on camera separation: Good values for : Ø 0. 5: Conservative value for planning Ø 0. 3: Reasonable estimator of actual accuracy in most cases Ø 0. 05: Best value actually observed (circular targets) Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Visualising Accuracy • The relationship between accuracy in 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Visualising Accuracy • The relationship between accuracy in the image, planimetric accuracy, depth accuracy, and base: distance ratio can be visualised by looking at the “error ellipse” that is formed when we adjust the location of the point in each image by the image accuracy: Error Ellipse Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Visualising Accuracy • Increasing the base relative to 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Visualising Accuracy • Increasing the base relative to the distance makes the error ellipse more circular, improving the depth accuracy: Error Ellipse Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Measured Accuracy BHPB Iron Ore, Mt Newman: • 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Measured Accuracy BHPB Iron Ore, Mt Newman: • Application: Geotechnical analysis • Typical working range: 700 m to 1. 2 km • Nominal ground pixel size: 4 cm × 4 cm • Typical accuracy: 0. 1 m to 0. 2 m Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Measured Accuracy BMA Coal, Queensland: • Applications: Surveying, 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Measured Accuracy BMA Coal, Queensland: • Applications: Surveying, resource modelling, geotechnical analysis • Typical working range: 50 m • Typical ground pixel size: 1. 5 cm × 1. 5 cm • Typical accuracy: 0. 01 m to 0. 02 m Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Measured Accuracy Fugro Spatial Solutions, Western Australia: • 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Measured Accuracy Fugro Spatial Solutions, Western Australia: • Application: Measuring road subsidence while train tunnel being constructed underneath it • Working range: 20 m • Ground pixel size: 0. 5 cm × 0. 5 cm • Accuracy: 0. 0004 m! (Surveying retro-reflective targets) Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Measured Accuracy How is it measured? • Most 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Measured Accuracy How is it measured? • Most comprehensive: Manually measure control points in 3 D images, compare with surveyed locations • Easiest: Read bundle adjustment report to see residuals • Good practice: Withhold some control points to act as “check points” — residuals should be the same as the control points actually used • Caveat: Need redundancy for this to work! Only three known locations data will fit perfectly and residuals will be 0! Problem: Reported accuracy will never be better than the actual accuracy of the survey data! Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite Digital photogrammetric 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite Digital photogrammetric system designed to work with modern digital cameras: • Automatically determines relationships between camera positions (relative orientation) simply by inspecting images • Automatically generates 3 D surface data from imagery • Powerful vector data digitising and editing tools with over 160, 000 user-defined feature types supported • Extensive operator assistance whenever human input is required • Built-in digital camera calibration routines Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite • 3 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite • 3 DM Calib. Cam • Performing camera calibrations (interior orientations) • Determining exterior orientations (camera positions and directions) for any number of images simultaneously • Surveying targets accurately (up to 80, 000: 1!) • Creating extremely high-resolution merged images • 3 DM Analyst • Generating, editing, and merging DTMs • Digitising vector data using Single Image mode, Stereo, or 3 D mode • Analysing data — volume calculations, face detection, etc. • Exporting data as 3 D Images, DXF, etc. • DTM Generator • Generating DTMs and resulting 3 D Images in batch mode Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Workflow Geotechnical analysis in VULCAN: Capture Images Determine 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Workflow Geotechnical analysis in VULCAN: Capture Images Determine camera orientations 3 DM Calib. Cam or 3 DM Analyst Generate DTMs & 3 D Images 3 DM Analyst or DTM Generator Import 3 D Images into VULCAN for interpretation Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology VULCAN

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Workflow Other applications: Capture Images Determine camera orientations 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Workflow Other applications: Capture Images Determine camera orientations 3 DM Calib. Cam or 3 DM Analyst Generate DTMs 3 DM Analyst or DTM Generator Analyse data: calculate volumes, digitise vector data, etc. 3 DM Analyst Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Key Features • Ease of use • Works 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Key Features • Ease of use • Works with any digital camera • Workflow is extremely automated and robust • Intelligent troubleshooting built-in • Accuracy • Speed • 15 seconds to automatically determine camera orientations; five minutes to generate 250, 000 DTM points on a 2 GHz PC • Flexibility • Works with images captured in any environment under almost any circumstances • Can be used for almost any task where accurate 3 D data is required Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Ease of Use Demo The only thing not 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Ease of Use Demo The only thing not automated is determining the location of the data in the physical world! Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Flexibility — Image Capturing, etc. • Images can 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Flexibility — Image Capturing, etc. • Images can be captured in any configuration (convergent; strips; fans), even in the same project • No pre-requisites on camera orientations — software will work that out automatically! • Any control data supplied in any configuration and with any accuracy will be used in the solution • Camera calibration can be performed on an ad-hoc basis if required using the same imagery as captured for the project and it can be analysed to ensure validity Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Image Capturing: Independent Models Optional overlap between models 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Image Capturing: Independent Models Optional overlap between models Pros: • Conceptual simplicity • Flexibility — depth accuracy can be freely adjusted by changing base, can be used with lenses of any focal length over any distance Cons: • Each model needs to be fully controlled (at least three known locations — control points and (optionally) camera stations) • Extremely vulnerable to bad control due to low level of redundancy Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Image Capturing: Image Strips • Series of parallel 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Image Capturing: Image Strips • Series of parallel images overlapping neighbours by at least 50%. (May be arranged in multiple rows, overlapping about 10%. ) Pros: • Gives accurate exterior orientations with very few control points — one control point for every five images is generally more than adequate • Ideal for aerial imagery Cons: • Base is determined by field of view, which is determined by focal length — best with short focal lengths Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Image Capturing: Image Fans • Series of images 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Image Capturing: Image Fans • Series of images overlapping neighbours by about 10% captured from Second model each camera station First model Pros: • Fewer unknowns give strong orientations with very few control points — minimum is one control point plus two camera stations for entire project! • Very fast — rotating camera to capture next area much quicker than relocating camera • Images can be merged (and treated as independent models in 3 DM Analyst) allowing very high resolution images with cheap cameras Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Applications — Geotechnical Analysis BHPB Diamonds Ekati Koala 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Applications — Geotechnical Analysis BHPB Diamonds Ekati Koala mine: • Camera: Nikon 1 Ds, 135 mm lens • Project area: 500 m × 300 m • Number of images: 27 from each camera station • Number of camera stations: 2 • Distance to pit wall: 700 m • Ground coverage: 120 m × 80 m per image (3 cm pixel size) • Number of control points: 7 (placed around the top of the pit in safe locations) • Accuracy: Sx = 0. 14 m, Sy = 0. 08 m, Sz = 0. 04 m. • Processing time to generate 3 D images from scratch: 4 hours, only 8 minutes of which was actual user time! Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Applications — Geotechnical Analysis Copyright 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Applications — Geotechnical Analysis Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Applications — Geotechnical Analysis Key advantages: • Data 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Applications — Geotechnical Analysis Key advantages: • Data can be obtained remotely when there is no safe access (up to 3 km away!) • Features can be identified that would not be apparent at close range • Speed of acquiring data compared to other methods • Accuracy and detail of data compared to other methods • Acquiring the data has little impact on other activities • Images form a permanent record that can be referred back to in the future • The physical components — the parts that can break down — are relatively cheap, available from many suppliers, and easy to replace Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Applications — Aerial Mapping Thiess Indonesia: • Camera: 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Applications — Aerial Mapping Thiess Indonesia: • Camera: Canon EOS 300 D, 28 mm lens • Project area: 140 km (captured in one day) • Number of images: ~1, 200 • Flying height: 600 m – 800 m • Ground coverage: 600 m × 400 m per image (20 cm ground pixel size) • Accuracy: 0. 2 m Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Other Applications Tunnel Mapping Resource Modelling Truck Volume 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Other Applications Tunnel Mapping Resource Modelling Truck Volume Calculation Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Exciting New Developments Cost-effective aerial photography using fully 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Exciting New Developments Cost-effective aerial photography using fully autonomous UAVs: • Ideal for pit mapping and stockpile volume calculations • 2 hour endurance, 100 hour service interval, 6, 000 feet ceiling • Onboard GPS for autonomous navigation — program in desired camera locations as waypoints, UAV captures images from each waypoint in turn Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Some Existing 3 DM Analyst 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Some Existing 3 DM Analyst Customers Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Common Problems Bad imagery: • Poor quality images 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Common Problems Bad imagery: • Poor quality images — blurry, badly exposed, optically different from calibration use prime lenses, tripod, aperture priority (f/8), focus at infinity (or use autofocus at distances similar to calibrated distance) • Incomplete coverage of area being mapped plan better, capture redundant images (images are cheap!), go back and capture additional images if possible Bad observations: • Bad control point/camera station co-ordinates plan for redundancy so bad points can be disabled • Incorrect observations of points in the images correct them! • Insufficient relative-only points reduce matching tolerance, use a lower ISO setting to reduce noise, digitise one or more “seed” points manually Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Common Problems Bad DTMs: • Large number of 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Common Problems Bad DTMs: • Large number of bad points increase matching tolerance, use automated spike removal tools, use a lower ISO setting on the camera to reduce noise • Incomplete/sparse DTMs reduce matching tolerance, use a smaller base, use a lower ISO setting on the camera to reduce noise, digitise data manually as a last resort Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Product Range Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software Product Range Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Lite • Designed for customers 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Lite • Designed for customers with less demanding workloads: • Can calculate exterior orientations for two images at a time • Supports images of up to 16 megapixels • Can upgrade to any other product in the range at any time simply by paying the difference in list price for the software and support agreement • ADAM Price Guarantee: List prices for upgrades are fixed as long as your ADAMcare support agreement is continuously maintained Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Lite Suite • Combines 3 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Lite Suite • Combines 3 DM Analyst Lite and 3 DM Calib. Cam Lite • Designed for customers with larger workloads and who want to reduce the number of control points required for absolute orientations: • Can calculate exterior orientations for up to 10 images at a time • Supports images of up to 24 megapixels • Supports image merging allowing cheaper cameras to be used to generate high-resolution images Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite • Combines 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Mine Mapping Suite • Combines 3 DM Analyst, 3 DM Calib. Cam, and DTM Generator • Designed for customers with very large workloads and who want to be able to calibrate their own cameras: • Can calculate exterior orientations for any number of images at a time • Supports images of up to 65 megapixels (on a PC with 2 GB of RAM) • Supports image merging • Supports camera calibration • Supports batch processing of any number of DTMs offline (+ generate 3 D Images from them) without human intervention • Separate dongles for 3 DM Analyst and 3 DM Calib. Cam so both can be used simultaneously on separate PCs Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Professional • Designed for professional 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Professional • Designed for professional mapping organisations working with large format scanned images: • Can process any number of images at a time • Supports images in excess of 250 megapixels • Supports batch processing of any number of DTMs offline (+ generate 3 D Images from them) without human intervention Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology

3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Demos, Q&A Copyright © 2006 3 DM Analyst Mining Analysis Software 3 DM Analyst Demos, Q&A Copyright © 2006 ADAM Technology