Urban Operations Company Offensive Operations February 2006 FM

Urban Operations: Company Offensive Operations February 2006 FM 3 -06. 11, 2003 (Ch 2, 4, 7)

Outline • Mechanized Infantry and Armor Capabilities/Limitations • Planning Considerations for Urban Operations • Offensive Operations/ Techniques • BOS Considerations • Lessons Learned • Questions

Urban Operations Defined Urban Operations (UO) are operations planned and conducted in an area of operations (AO) that includes one or more urban areas. An urban area consists of a topographical complex where man-made construction or high population density is the dominant feature. FM 3 -06. 11, p 1 -1

Urban Operations • Objective lays within an urban area and cannot be bypassed. • The urban area is key terrain. • Urban area is between two natural obstacles and cannot be bypassed. • Urban area is in the path of a general advance and cannot be surrounded or bypassed. • Political or humanitarian concerns. • Defending from urban areas. • Occupation, seizure, and control of the urban area will deny the threat control of the urban area FM 3 -06. 11, p 1 -1

UO Across the Full Spectrum FM 3 -06. 11, p 1 -4

UO Across the Full Spectrum FM 3 -06. 11, p 1 -5

10 Fundamentals of UO • Perform Focused Information Operations and Aggressive ISR • Conduct Close Combat • Avoid the Attrition Approach • Control the Essential • Minimize Collateral Damage • Separate Combatants from Noncombatants • Restore Essential Services • Preserve Critical Infrastructure • Understand the Human Dimension • Transition Control FM 3 -06. 11, p 1 -9 thru 1 -12

14 Characteristics of UO • • • Changing Conditions Small-Unit Battles Communications Noncombatants High Expenditure of Ammunition • Increased Casualties • Limited Mounted Maneuver Space • Three-Dimensional Terrain • Collateral Damage • Reliance on HUMINT • Need for Combined Arms • Need to Isolate Critical Points • Snipers • Support by Fire Positions FM 3 -06. 11, p 1 -12 thru 1 -15

Urban Battlespace • Airspace – Rapid Air Avenues Ofapproach – Obstacles = Poles, Wires, Etc • Supersurface – Rooftop, No Cover • Intrasurface – Ground To Top Floor – Interior Of Buildings • Surface – Ground, Street, Or Water Level • Subsurface – Underwater – Subterranean FM 3 -06. 11, p 1 -15 thru 1 -16

Planning Considerations • Task Organization • Number of INF to secure vehicles • Fire Control planning is extensive • Fire Control measures are very restrictive • Fighting is in close proximity • Limited visibility • Extreme physical and psychological effects • ROE and Non-Combatants • Training level in Urban Terrain • Arming distance of explosive munitions • Penetration (Depth) • Hard surfaces increase ricochets • Fused munitions settings • Target range & exposure time • Backblast, concussion, SDZ. • Collateral damage/rubble/possible hazards • Building Structure • Common Language (SOPs)

Planning Considerations The overpressure from the tank's 120 mm cannon can kill a dismounted soldier within a 90 -degree arc extending from the muzzle of the gun tube out to 200 meters.

Planning Considerations High-explosive 25 -mm rounds arm 10 meters from the gun & explode on contact. APDS rounds discard their plastic sabots to the front of the gun when fired. This requires a 100 -meter safety fan (17 degrees either side of the gun-target line for 100 meters) to the front of 25 -mm gun. This means that exposed soldiers cannot go any further forward than the end of the 25 mm muzzle or must be a minimum of 100 meters from the muzzle blast.

Planning Considerations FIRE CONTROL: Use simple, clearly understood graphic control measures such as: -Phase lines. -Number and lettering systems for buildings. -Tentative support by fire positions. -No fire areas.

Planning Considerations Common Language

Five Categories of Built up Areas • VILLAGE – POPULATION = 3000 OR LESS COMPANIES AND BATALIONS OPERATE HERE AS PART OF A BRIGADE OPERATION • TOWN – POPULATION = 3000 TO 100 K BRIGADES OPERATE HERE AS PART OF DIVISION OPERATIONS • CITY - POPULATION = 100 K TO 1 MILLION • METROPOLIS - POPULATION = 1 -10 MILLION • MEGALOPOLIS – POPULATION = 10 MILLION + FM 3 -06. 11, p 1 -2

Seven Urban Zones • City Core • Core Periphery – Dense Random Construction – Close Orderly Construction • Dispersed Residential Area • High Rise Area • Industrial/Transportation Area • Permanent/Fixed Fortifications • Shantytowns FM 3 -06. 11, p 2 -3 thru 2 -7

See the Terrain

Building Construction MASS CONSTRUCTION - Built in place using brick, block, or poured -in- place concrete - Walls can be prefabricated and “tilt-up” or reinforced-concrete panels - Can be prefabricated and assembled like boxes FRAMED CONSTRUCTION - Supported by a skeleton of columns and beams - Usually taller than frameless buildings - - Exterior walls are not load bearing FM 3 -06. 11, p 2 -15 thru 2 -30

Principles of Mass Construction • Exterior walls support the weight of the building • Additional support comes from load bearing interior walls BETTER PROTECTION THAN A FRAMED BUILDING HARDER TO SUPPRESS FROM THE OUTSIDE FM 3 -06. 11, p 2 -15 thru 2 -30

Types of Mass Construction • BRICK BUILDINGS (Most Common) • WAREHOUSE (Reinforced Concrete) • BOX WALL PRINCIPLE (Hotels or Apartments) • PUBLIC GATHERING PLACES (Churches and Theaters) FM 3 -06. 11, p 2 -15 thru 2 -30

Principles of Framed Construction • Supported By A Skeleton Of Columns And Beams • Usually Taller Than Mass Constructed Buildings Provides less protection than mass construction Easier to suppress from the outside FM 3 -06. 11, p 2 -15 thru 2 -30

Types of Framed Construction HEAVY CLAD LIGHT CLAD GARAGE FM 3 -06. 11, p 2 -15 thru 2 -30

Special Terrain Considerations • Military vs. City Maps • Key and Decisive Terrain • Confined Spaces • Avenues of Approach • Rubbling Effects FM 3 -06. 11, p 2 -9 thru 2 -12

Special Weather Considerations • Rain and Melting Snow • Fog • Air Inversion • Wind Chill • Light Data FM 3 -06. 11, p 2 -12

M 1 Tank Capabilities (1 -2) • Suppression: multiple machine guns, extremely high basic loads (11, 400 7. 62 rds per tank) • Unique main gun ammo capabilities (HEAT, MPAT, SABOT, OR-MPAT) • Non-standard ‘weapons capabilities’ (Smoke grenades, tracks, exhaust, concussion) • Protection from small arms fire for crew, serve as cover for dismounts • Creating openings in buildings and destroying bunkers • Essentially unlimited ‘carry capacity’ compared to infantry FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

M 1 Tank Capabilities (2 -2) • Cal. 50, cupola protection, Precision gunnery, Point accuracy with high penetration capability • Mounted communications platform with range much greater than a dismount radio • NBC and riot control agent protection • Mobile protection for crossing danger areas • Ditch-crossing and vertical obstacle crossing capability FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

M 1 Tank Limitations (1 -2) • Vulnerable to top-down attack, & sniper fire – especially hatches open • Limited main gun depression & elevation creates considerable deadspace • Turret reaction time limits engagement opportunities • Excessive dead space for observation & fires, limits local security of vehicle/crew • 50 Cal. Slow/Difficult to move, obstructed by other items on turret FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

M 1 Tank Limitations (2 -2) • Loader must expose to fire 240, TC must expose to fire Cal. 50 on M 1 A 2 • Turning Radius • High logistic requirements, must leave urban environment to conduct resupply • Can crush supporting infantry – ‘ground guides in combat? ’ • Difficulties with evacuation/recovery, disabled tank with crew or casualties still on board • Commo Between vehicles and dismounts limited FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Tank Considerations · Infantry is Required · Main Gun Creates fire ball and smoke · Main Gun Overpressure · Thermal Sights · Turret Mounted Grenade Launchers · Provides Mobile Cover to Infantry · Tanks May Come With Plows FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

M 2 Capabilities • Suppressing & destroying enemy weapons & personnel allowing infantry to maneuver • 7. 62 mm [400/800 rds], 25 mm HE, 25 mm TPT, TOW • Elevation of 25 mm gun allows for suppression of roof tops and tall buildings (+60 of elevation, - 10 depression) • Can move additional infantry and supplies forward (CASEVAC) • Hunter/Killer capability with CIV (M 2 A 3) • Smoke – screen infantry movement / riot control • Thermal sights (Gunner, BC and Driver) FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

M 2 Limitations • When buttoned up, visibility limited by scanning techniques • Highly susceptible to Rocket Propelled Grenade, AT Guided Missile, & heavy machinegun fire (Without Reactive Armor) • Variety of difficulties in water crossing operations, including the requirement for either adequate fording sites or a bridge with sufficient weight classification. • Logistics – lower quantity of 7. 62 mm than M 1 • Can crush Infantry – SA near vehicle • Difficulties with evacuation and recovery FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Tank/BFV Limitations Vehicle Dead Space FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

M 1/M 2 Employment • • Destroys Enemy Positions Suppress Enemy Positions Isolate Objectives Breach Walls High Angle Fires Establish Roadblocks Obscure Enemy’s Vision Evacuate Casualties FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Infantry Capabilities • Enter and clear subterranean areas, buildings and streets • Provide security for armored vehicles • Provide limited breach capability • Cover dismounted avenues of approach • Eliminate resistance within a building without causing significant damage to the structure • Move with more stealth / conduct close tactical reconnaissance FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Infantry Limitations • Lack heavy supporting firepower, protection, and long-range mobility. • Are subject to taking a high number of casualties between buildings. • Are more subject to fratricide-related casualties from friendly direct and indirect fire. • The pace of dismounted offensive operations is limited to the foot speed of the dismounted infantryman. FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Three Conditions of UO • SURGICAL • PRECISION • HIGH INTENSITY

Reasons To Attack Or Not Attack A Built Up Area ATTACK DON’T ATTACK • CAN NOT BYPASS • KEY LOCS • POLITICAL IMPORTANCE • CAN BYPASS • DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH COMBAT POWER • OPEN CITY FM 3 -06. 11, p 4 -1

Characteristics Of Offensive Ops In UO Large Number of Troops Required to: · Clear and Secure Objectives · Relieve Fatigued Soldiers on Clearing Teams · Control and Protect Civilians · Replace and Evacuate Casualties FM 3 -06. 11, p 4 -2

Mission Analysis • What is my commander’s intent? • Seize vs. Clear? • Must I clear every building? • Is my mission terrain or enemy oriented? • Limitations/Constraints • M-TETT-C

Phases of a Deliberate Urban Attack • • Phase 1. Reconnoiter the Objective Phase 2. Move to the Objective Phase 3. Isolate the Objective Phase 4. Secure a Foothold Phase 5. Clear the Objective Phase 6. Consolidate/Reorganize Phase 7. Prepare for Future Missions FM 3 -06. 11, p 4 -31

Company Organization for the Attack • ASSAULT • SUPPORT • RESERVE (if designated, it may do the following: ) – Assume the Msn of the Assault Element – Clearing bypassed enemy positions – Facilitate continued movement of the assault element FM 3 -06. 11, p 4 -42

Company Offensive Operations • • • Deliberate attack Isolate an urban objective Assault a building Attack a block or group of buildings MTC/recon Seizure of urban key terrain – Seize a bridge – Seize a traffic circle FM 3 -06. 11, p 4 -44 thru 4 -56

Clearance Methods SYSTEMATIC SELECTIVE • • • Mission does not require all buildings cleared • Objective must be seized quickly • Light/fragmented resistance • Large open areas between buildings Room to room clearing Heavy resistance Attack on a narrow front Slow process

Offensive Operations Armor can support Infantry by: • Providing shock action and firepower • Isolating objectives with direct fire to prevent enemy withdrawal, reinforcement, or counterattack. • Neutralizing or suppressing enemy positions with smoke, high explosive (HE), & automatic weapons fire as infantry closes with and destroys the enemy • Assisting opposed entry of infantry into buildings when doorways are blocked by debris, obstacles, or enemy fire. • Smashing through street barricades or reducing barricades by fire. Obscuring enemy observation using on-board smoke generators. FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C-4

Offensive Operations Armor can support Infantry by: (CONT) • Holding cleared portions of the objective by covering avenues of approach. • Attacking by fire any other targets designated by the infantry. • Establishing roadblocks. • Suppressing identified sniper positions. FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C-4

Offensive Operations Infantry can support Armor by: • Providing local security during movement in restrictive areas • Clear terrain inaccessible by Armor vehicles • Observe danger areas / call forward for attack • Destroy enemy antitank weapon systems • Augment traffic control points/Checkpoints • Infiltrate and secure ABF/SBF positions prior to Armor occupation • Conduct Reconnaissance • Handling EPWs

Offensive Techniques Move tanks forward to support infantry movement. Position the tanks before the infantry begins moving, whether the tanks are supporting by fire, being used as shields, or both. What is wrong with this picture? FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Offensive Techniques Tanks need infantry support when the two elements are working together. Do not leave tanks alone because they are not prepared to provide local security during the operation. Tanks are extremely vulnerable to dismounted attack when operating on urban terrain. Main Gun or COAX?

Offensive Techniques Infantry Fire Team providing Security for 1 x BFV Right Front Team Ldr Team. Ldr Rear Team Ldr Left Front Left Flank Rear

Offensive Techniques 1) If using tanks to shield squads and teams from building to building as part of the maneuver plan, the leader of the forward element needs to control the tanks. 2) When using tanks as a shield for infantry, move the tanks as close as possible to the start point to allow the infantry the freedom of movement when exiting the building. 3) Tanks need to move at the infantry’s rate of movement. 4) When the distance between buildings is short, tanks can position themselves to block the open area from enemy fire. FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Offensive Techniques FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Offensive Techniques Armor vehicle Isolation of OBJ areas FM 3 -06. 11, Annex C

Armor Attacks Armoropen area / over Attacks over open area / maximize standoff capability All elements are Company Teams!!! Offensive Operations Tanks in SBF Assault Element Infantry Attacks Dense Urban Area Assault Element

Supporting Fire REDs • As a reminder, the M 203 has a maximum effective range for point targets of 150 meters. The maximum effective range for area targets is 350 meters. • The M 203 High-explosive dual purpose (HEDP) round will penetrates at least 5 cm (2 inches) when fired straight at steel armor. In MOUT, it will penetrate 20 inches of sand bags (double layer), 16 inches of cinder- block, and 12 inch pine logs. • Both the M 203 HEPD and HE rds arm between 14 and 38 meters, and cause casualties within a 5 -meter radius. • The M 203 Smoke/ground marking round arms between 15 and 45 meters. (OBTW: The MK 19 has a max range of 2212 m and a max effective range of 1500 m. It arms between 18 to 30 meters and has a casualty producing radius of 15 meters).

Maneuver • Objectives and Numbering System • Bypassing of Buildings Increases Risk • Use of Control Measures • Attack Frontage • Attack When Visibility is Poor • Attack Formations • Use of Reserves • Reconnaissance

Maneuver Tanks, BFVs, & Howitzers in the Direct Fire Role: · Support by fire as infantry seize a foothold · CDRs must take advantage of main armament’s long range · Infantry protects vehicles flanks · Effects of Tank, BFVs, and Howitzers main gun · Armored vehicle vulnerabilities · Fire control measures (target designation and friendly identification)

Fire Support The Fire Support Plan: • Effects of Artillery and Air Bombardment • Fuse and Shell Combo Considerations • Mortars are the most responsive IDF asset • Direct Fire: Tanks, BFVs and Howitzers • FASCAM • Copperhead • Disadvantages • Employment Considerations

FS - Additional Considerations • Artillery and Mortar DEAD SPACE –Artillery, Low Angle (5 times the height of the building) –Mortar (1/2 times the height of the building) • Visual Description Artillery X Mortar Target ½X 5 X

Mobility, Countermobility Survivability Tasks Attached Engineers are given can include: · · Breach walls and obstacles with prepared demolitions Finding and clearing mines Clearing barricades and rubble Cratering roads

Intelligence • Elevated Railways • Gas/Electric/Telephone Lines • Power Stations • Water Plants • Hospitals • Communication Sites • Fire Departments • Construction Sites • Heavy Equipment Manufacturers

Logistics • Logistical Considerations • Supply Requirements • Special Equipment • Resupply Techniques • Medical

Command Control • Control Measures • Leader and HQs locations • Control techniques • Communications • SOPs/Drills FM 3 -06. 11, p 4 -11

PL DOG A 1 1 1 2 B C i D 3 4 3 - One Story - Two Story - Three Story 3 4 2 F l t i E 1 1 5 6

TOP VIEW from EAST (3 floors) Green 1 N 3 1 C 3 2 1 B 1 A 1 1 Blue 2 Entry Points Building # 5 2 Red 3 3 2 Black “ Sniper - Location Building 5, Red 3” “Sniper, Location - Building #5, Red, Bravo, 3. ”

Time • Tempo • Time/space relationships • More time for rehearsals • Exercising Combat Patience FM 3 -06. 11, 4 -10

Lessons Learned • Soldiers must understand their weapons • UO live fire training is critical • ROE must be considered during the estimate • Employment of Snipers • Manpower requirements

Threat Tactics in UO • Varied use of conventional and unconventional forces • No single threat doctrine will be employed • Increased use of snipers • Current threat techniques in UO

Fratricide Prevention • TTPs • Planning • Execution • Rehearsals And Training

Current threat techniques in UO • • Use the population to advantage Win the information war Manipulate Key Facilities Use all dimensions Employ urban-oriented weapons Engage the entire force Focus attacks on CSS and unprotected soldiers

Questions ?

Task Force Urban Offensive Operations February 2006 FM 3 -06. 11, 2003 (Ch 2, 4, 7)

ELEMENTS OF BDE OFFENSIVE UO X BN TF & BELOW PERFORM THESE TASKS II I ASSESS RECONS OBJECTIVE SHAPE MOVES TO OBJECTIVE…ISOLATES DOMINATE ISOLATES/SECURES FOOTHOLD/ CLEARS TRANSITION CONSOLIDATES/REORGANIZES PREPS FOR FUTURE MSNS BRIGADE MINIMIZES STREET-TO-STREET AND BUILDING-TO-BUILDING FIGHTING, ISOLATES ENEMY, STRIKES KEY TARGETS

Maturing Urban Operations Doctrine PANAMA CITY-MOGADISHU-SARAJEVO-GROZNY 2003 1979 “…Built-up areas are isolated and bypassed…” 1990 FM 3 -06. 11 MOUT • ASSESS… Determine effects. • SHAPE… Set conditions… Supporting efforts… Media… Info Ops. • DOMINATE… Simultaneous and Sequential operations. • TRANSITION… Control to Non-military agencies. “…Army forces will likely be required to conduct operations in and around large urban areas…” FM 3 -06 Urban Operations

Fundamentals • Focused Information Operations • Aggressive Reconnaissance • Understand the Human Dimension • Avoid Attrition Approach • Prepare for Close Combat • Control the Essential • Minimize Collateral Damage • Separate Combatants/Non-Combatants • Preserve Critical Infrastructure • Restore Essential Services • Transition Control

Assess Through… • Intelligence preparation of the battlefield… Difficult at best… Must be HUMINT focused. • Analysis of events and results of previous operations. • Use of brigade recon elements. • Integration of Division sensors. • Use of National Intelligence sources. • Information operations

Shape Through. . . • Physical isolation using: -- Sensors and recon units -- Lethal and non-lethal effects -- Precision indirect & aerial fires -- Maneuver forces & direct fires -- Special Operations Forces -- Combination of above • Psychological isolation using: -- PSYOP units -- Civil Affairs units -- Coalition forces -- Media…Information Operations

Dominate Through. . . • Use of combined arms. • Synchronization of precision fires to include lethal and non-lethal effects. • Isolation of decisive points. • Use of superior combat power to destroy high pay off targets. • Use of close combat when necessary against decisive pts.

The Offense CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFENSE: • • Surprise Concentration Tempo Audacity FORMS OF MANEUVER: • • • Envelopment Turning Movement Infiltration Penetration Frontal Attack TYPES OF OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS: • • Movement to Contact Attack Exploitation Pursuit FM 3 -0, p 7 -4 thru 7 -22

UO Applicable Techniques TYPES OF UO OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS: a. b. c. d. e. f. Movement to Contact, Search and Attack on a Single Axis Attack on Multiple Axes Cordon and Attack Fix and Bypass Multiple Nodal Attacks FM 3 -06. 11, p 4 -21 thru 4 -29

Search & Attack

Attack on a Single Access

Attack on Multiple Axes

Cordon & Attack

Fix & Bypass

Multiple Nodal Attacks II (-) TRANSPORTATION CENTER INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX II (-) I OBJ D BRIDGE OBJ C OBJ B OBJ E I GOVERNMENT CENTER RADIO AND TV STATION BRIDGE OBJ A II V AIRFIELD

OPERATION JUST CAUSE ASSESS, SHAPE, DOMINATE, TRANSITION XX COCO SOLO NAV AIR STA COLON 7 FT CIMARRON PACORA RIV BRIDGE FT ESCOBAR XX CERRO TIGRE XX III 7(-) SF C C GAMBOA EL RENACER PRISON I I I TOCUMEN 75(-) RGR TORRIJOS PEDRO MIGUEL II MIRAFLORES LOCKS USMC ARRAIJAN TANK FARM 75(+) RGR 4 -6 C C 82 (-) II C C 82 (-) XX C C GATUN LOCKS MADDEN DAM C C 82 (-) X 193 (-) RIO HATO COMANDANCIA

Transition • From offensive/defensive operations to stability/support operations or vice versa. • Return urban area to civilian control with combat, combat support, combat service support as required. • From being a “supported” force to a “supporting” force providing security for non-governmental organizations.

Steps of a TF UO Attack TYPES OF ATTACKS: a. Hasty b. Deliberate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Reconnoiter the Objective Move to the Objective Isolate the Objective Secure a Foothold Clear the Objective Consolidate & Reorganize and Prepare for Future Missions FM 3 -90. 2, p. 7 -23 thru 7 -27

Summary • Likelihood of conducting UO is greater today than in the past. • UO are complicated, full spectrum OPs with transitions. • US must leverage doctrine & new technologies. . non-lethal…digitization…sensors • Urban combat will continue to be a close, tough fight. • Demands combined arms teams. • Tactical situations can have strategic implications. • Significant, focused training required.

Questions ?