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Unusual features in Šóka Romani (associative and ostensives) Viktor Elšík Charles University Project Linguistic Unusual features in Šóka Romani (associative and ostensives) Viktor Elšík Charles University Project Linguistic research on Šóka Romani, 2000 -2002 supported by OPEN SOCIETY INSTITUTE, Budapest

Šóka Romani NC tria Aus SC Hungary Ukra Czechia ine Poland Šóka Romani NC tria Aus SC Hungary Ukra Czechia ine Poland

V R V R R Hungarian V Slovak V R R V R V R R Hungarian V Slovak V R R

Associative l Hungarian kőműves-ek kőműves-ék ‘bricklayer’ ‘bricklayers’ ‘bricklayer & his work team’ Alena Alená-k Associative l Hungarian kőműves-ek kőműves-ék ‘bricklayer’ ‘bricklayers’ ‘bricklayer & his work team’ Alena Alená-k Alena-ék ‘Alena’ ‘Alenas’ ‘Alena & her family/friends’

Associative l Hungarian kőműves-ek kőműves-ék l Šóka ‘bricklayer’ ‘bricklayers’ ‘bricklayer & his work team’ Associative l Hungarian kőműves-ek kőműves-ék l Šóka ‘bricklayer’ ‘bricklayers’ ‘bricklayer & his work team’ Romani kémívėš-i ‘bricklayer’ kémívėšš-ė ‘bricklayers’ kémívėš-ingere ‘bricklayer & his work team’

Associative l Hungarian Alena Alená-k Alena-ék l Šóka ‘Alena’ ‘Alenas’ ‘Alena and her family/friends’ Associative l Hungarian Alena Alená-k Alena-ék l Šóka ‘Alena’ ‘Alenas’ ‘Alena and her family/friends’ Romani Alen-a Alen-i Alen-angere ‘Alena’ ‘Alenas’ ‘Alena and her family/friends’

Associative v. genitive (form) ASS kémívėš-in-ger-e GEN. SGNOM. PL kémívėš-is-ker-e GEN. PLNOM. PL kémívėš-en-ger-e Associative v. genitive (form) ASS kémívėš-in-ger-e GEN. SGNOM. PL kémívėš-is-ker-e GEN. PLNOM. PL kémívėš-en-ger-e

Associative v. genitive (form) ASS Alen-an-ger-e GEN. SGNOM. PL Alen-a-ker-e GEN. PLNOM. PL Alen-en-ger-e Associative v. genitive (form) ASS Alen-an-ger-e GEN. SGNOM. PL Alen-a-ker-e GEN. PLNOM. PL Alen-en-ger-e

Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F OBL. SG OBL. PL -es-en-os-en-/-on-is-en-a-en-a-en-i-en- ASS -en-on-in-an-an-an-in-

Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F OBL. SG. M OBL. SG OBL. PL -e s-e n-o s-e/o n-i s-e n-a – -e n-i – -e n- ASS -e n-o n-i n-a n-a n-i n-

Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F OBL. SG OBL. PL -e s-e n-o s-e/o n-i s-e n-a – -e n-i – -e n- OBL. PL ASS -e n-o n-i n-a n-a n-i n-

Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F SG class OBL. SG OBL. PL -e s-e n-o s-e/o n-i s-e n-a – -e n-i – -e n- ASS -e n-o n-i n-a n-a n-i n-

Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F PL class OBL. SG OBL. PL -e s-e n-o s-e/o n-i s-e n-a – -e n-i – -e n- ASS -e n-o n-i n-a n-a n-i n-

Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F Associative marking Kálo Grófo Gumi Rička Káli Čuma Néni M M F F F OBL. SG OBL. PL -e s-e n-o s-e/o n-i s-e n-a – -e n-i – -e n- ASS -e n-o n-i n-a n-a n-i n-

Associative marking focus on a single referent Alen- -a- SG Alen- -a- -n- ASS Associative marking focus on a single referent Alen- -a- SG Alen- -a- -n- ASS Alen- -e- -n- PL plural reference

Associative inflection NOM kémívėš-i-n-ger-e VOC kémívėš-i-n-ger-alen ACC kémívėš-i-n-ger-en DAT kémívėš-i-n-ger-en-ge LOC kémívėš-i-n-ger-en-de ABL kémívėš-i-n-ger-en-dar Associative inflection NOM kémívėš-i-n-ger-e VOC kémívėš-i-n-ger-alen ACC kémívėš-i-n-ger-en DAT kémívėš-i-n-ger-en-ge LOC kémívėš-i-n-ger-en-de ABL kémívėš-i-n-ger-en-dar SOC kémívėš-i-n-ger-en-ca GEN kémívėš-i-n-ger-en-ger-o/i/e

Associative v. genitive ASS Alenangere n ‘Alena and her family’ n reference includes Alena Associative v. genitive ASS Alenangere n ‘Alena and her family’ n reference includes Alena GEN Alenakere n head use, e. g. ‘Alena’s family’ n reference excludes Alena

Picture of the former Šóka péró Adaj bešasahi áke. ‘We used to live here. Picture of the former Šóka péró Adaj bešasahi áke. ‘We used to live here. ’ And adá kher áke. ‘In this house. ’

Ostensives v. deictics GESTURE NO GESTURE deictic yes ostensive yes no l deictics need Ostensives v. deictics GESTURE NO GESTURE deictic yes ostensive yes no l deictics need not be accompanied by gestures l ostensives must be accompanied by gestures

Demonstratives and local deictics DEM STATIVE DIRECTIVE SEPARATIVE a-d-á a-d-a-j a-nďa á-thar o-d-á o-d-o-j Demonstratives and local deictics DEM STATIVE DIRECTIVE SEPARATIVE a-d-á a-d-a-j a-nďa á-thar o-d-á o-d-o-j o-nďaostensives ó-thar local a-k-á á-k-a-j a-k-ija a-k-a-thar á-k-e o-k-á o-k-o-j ó-k-e o-k-ija o-k-o-thar am-o-k-á am-o-k-o-j am-o-k-ija am-o-k-o-thar

Ostensives áke/óke adaj bešasahi áke ‘we used to live here ’ and adá kher Ostensives áke/óke adaj bešasahi áke ‘we used to live here ’ and adá kher áke ‘in this house’

Grammaticalisation adaj bešasahi áke ‘we used to live here ’ and adá kher áke Grammaticalisation adaj bešasahi áke ‘we used to live here ’ and adá kher áke ‘in this house’

Grammaticalisation adaj bešasahi áke ák-adaj bešasahi ‘we used to live here ’ and adá Grammaticalisation adaj bešasahi áke ák-adaj bešasahi ‘we used to live here ’ and adá kher áke and ák-adá kher ‘in this house’

Demonstratives adá. . . áke ák-adá aká. . . áke ák-aká odá. . . Demonstratives adá. . . áke ák-adá aká. . . áke ák-aká odá. . . óke ók-odá oká. . . óke ók-oká amoká. . . óke ók-amoká

Mr. Lakatoš caught a fish Kibedor sa i čuka? ‘How big was the pike? Mr. Lakatoš caught a fish Kibedor sa i čuka? ‘How big was the pike? ’ Assi dugi-je! ‘This long!’

The kontráši and the prímáši Jaj, de šukáre bašavel o Ďusi! ‘Wow, Ďusi plays The kontráši and the prímáši Jaj, de šukáre bašavel o Ďusi! ‘Wow, Ďusi plays so nicely!’ Avka le site keres-e, Deži! ‘This is how you have to do it, Deži!’

Ostensive -(j)e assi dugi-je ‘this long’ avka le site keres-e ‘this is how you Ostensive -(j)e assi dugi-je ‘this long’ avka le site keres-e ‘this is how you have to do it’ ‘you have to do it like this ’

Non-local deictics l quality savo a-sso ak-a-savo ‘such’ sar l manner avka ‘so’ ki-ťťi Non-local deictics l quality savo a-sso ak-a-savo ‘such’ sar l manner avka ‘so’ ki-ťťi l quantity a-ťťi l size e-bedor ki-bedor ‘so much’ ‘so big’

Ostensive -(j)e tu na kames ebedora sobi-je? tu ebedora sobi na kames-e? ‘you don’t Ostensive -(j)e tu na kames ebedora sobi-je? tu ebedora sobi na kames-e? ‘you don’t like this big rooms? ’ l utterance-final l phonologically-conditioned allomorphy l enclitic, not suffix: *kameh-e

Ostensives v. deictics DEICTIC local demonstrative OSTENSIVE GESTURE áke/óke pointing -(j)e pointing measure performative Ostensives v. deictics DEICTIC local demonstrative OSTENSIVE GESTURE áke/óke pointing -(j)e pointing measure performative quality manner quantity size

The unusual features l associative Is it found in other dialects influenced by Hungarian? The unusual features l associative Is it found in other dialects influenced by Hungarian? In other dialects? l ostensive particles Likely to be found in other dialects!