Universe & Matter By Ivan Ovchinnikov
Our Universe We all know that our Universe is everything that surrounds us: space, planets, stars… But what is it made out of? Everything in the world and our Universe are made up of matter. Matter is all around us: from air we breathe to planet Earth we walk on.
Matter Almost everything is made out of tiny particles called atoms. This means that matter should be mostly made out of atoms. As we know matter is different. So why does this happen? Actually there are 92 different atoms: the 92 elements shown in the Periodic table of Mendeleev. Atoms when combined together form molecules which create such variety in our life.
Particles So all matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms. For a long time scientists thought that it was the smallest unit and it could not be broken up. Now we know that the atom is combined with protons and neutrons, which form the nucleus, and electrons surrounding it. These particles are not the only small ones, there are quarks, photons, leptons and lots of others.
Definitions Before the 20 th century, the concept of matter included ordinary matter composed of atoms, and excluded other energy phenomena such as light or sound. So the common definition of matter is anything that has both mass and volume (takes up space). Modern scientists know the relationship between mass, speed, time and energy. Thus the term of matter now includes such phenomenon as light and “point particles” (E. G. quarks, leptons).
How were Planets Formed? All planets have a very complicated structure. But how was it formed? Scientists believe that they know the answer. Planets were created with the method of self-assembly. It happens when different materials stick together under action of gravity.
What is Dark Matter? Ordinary matter is not the only one known to people. There is also another one, the very mysterious Dark Matter. It doesn’t emit or reflect any electromagnetic radiation so it is impossible to study and observe it directly. But we can see that it is there because of the gravitational effects and changes on visible matter. There are lots of theories but nobody knows anything for sure about Dark Matter.
Dark Energy Dark energy is also a very unknown concept in cosmology. Scientists believe that they know what it is – an opposite to gravity. So, instead of objects attracting to each other they repel from each other. This is the force that expands the universe in all directions. If this stops happening, everything will collapse!
What our Universe is Formed out of? It is known that our Universe is aproximately 4. 5% formed with atoms, 22. 5% is Dark Matter and the other 73% is Dark Energy. So less than one eighth of our Universe is something we know pretty well but still we haven’t totally explored and the rest is something unknown and unstudied for human kind of our days.
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