Universal Systems Model Universal Systems Model n

Universal Systems Model

Universal Systems Model n Has 4 elements – n n Inputs Process Output Feedback

Inputs n There are 7 types of resources that provide input: n n n n People Materials – natural, synthetic, raw, industrial Tools and machines – measuring, layout, separating, forming, and combining Energy – inexhaustible, renewable and nonrenewable (examples – heat, light, sound, chemical, nuclear, mechanical, and electrical) Time Capital – money, land, structures and equipment Information

Process n n It’s what happens to the inputs All the activities that need to take place for the system to give the desired result A series of actions directed to an end The inputs are combined by means of management and production. n n Managing – planning, organizing, and controlling Production – the actual making of the product

Process n n n Primary process – process used to convert raw materials into industrial materials Secondary process – process used to convert industrial material into finished products (VCSU, 2006)

Process n Back to Tech Ed cleanup system – n n Teacher manages the process Production takes place in that a clean room is being produced If managing is poor, the output will be poor The process includes – All the actions performed by the people n Tools or machines n Rest of the resources – electricity, lighting, etc. n n (VCSU, 2006)

Outputs n n The resulting product of inputs and processes Everything that results n n Intended outputs Nonintended – ex. waste (pollution) or changes in society (communicating thru e-mails)

Outputs n Outputs can be – n n n Desirable Undesirable Expected Unexpected The output of our cleanup system – n n Clean, safe, organized room Clouds of dust Lost teaching time Wear and tear on the equipment

Feedback n n n The reaction to the inputs, process, and outputs They serve to reinforce or alter the elements of the system Cleanup example – n n n Feedback – the next class coming into the room If they complain or trip over equipment left out, the system would have to be improved. Feedback becomes an input into the system

Feedback Example n n n Driver wants the car to go 30 mph She provides input by stepping on the gas pedal The car processes the input to go 30 mph, which is the output Feedback is given by the speedometer – a monitor A monitor lets us compare the actual result to the desired result

Feedback n n n Instrumentation – helps us control the system by providing information “Open loop” control system – human intervention is required (car example) “Closed loop” control system – the computer or control device gathers the information and makes adjustments according to its programming

Problem solving review n n n Define the problem Gather information Choose a solution Test your idea Evaluate the results Retry

Compare the two Problem solving steps Define the problem Gather information Universal systems model Choose a solution Test the idea Process Evaluate the results Output Retry Feedback Input

Communication System Conference Line up speaker Register Universal systems model Attend conference Process Gain knowledge Output Fill out evaluation Feedback Input

Transportation System Subway People Energy & materials Universal systems model Moves under ground Along rails Process People transported Depleted energy Output Was it successful? Could it be faster? Feedback Input

Manufacturing Example n 747 Cargo panel Punch machine, people paint, sheet metal, b/print Cut to length, holes punched, assembled, chemically treated, run thru paint Panel that fits in 747, waste Paychecks, improved economy Inspection, design improvements, JIT shipping, Universal systems model Input Process Output Feedback

Medical System Pharmaceuticals Symptoms, Allergies, cost Universal systems model Input Writing prescription, Filling prescription Taking the medicine Process Symptoms relieved Health improved, Side effects Output Feel better, Checkup is good Feedback

Systems n n n The building blocks of technology! Definition of technology again – the innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment to satisfy perceived human needs and wants. Someone tell me why they think systems are the building blocks of technology. (Think inputs, processes, outputs, feedback)

Systems Engineering n Systems Engineering integrates all of the engineering disciplines and specialty groups into a unified, team effort, forming a structured development process that proceeds from: n n concept to production to operation and, in some cases, to termination and disposal

Systems Engineering n Systems Engineering considers both the business and the technical needs of all customers with the goal of providing a quality product that meets the user needs. (System Engineering, 2006)

Systems Engineering n The systems engineering role may have originated as the lead or project engineer who was assigned principal responsibility for orchestrating large and complex engineering programs, and as the single point of reference responsible for the entire engineering activity preferred by the United States Government on its large programs.

Systems Engineering n However, systems engineering quickly became synonymous with the overarching responsibility for development of the complete end product (hardware, software, services) and enabling products (e. g. , the 'systems' that produce and test the target system). This role has increasingly expanded, until the present, when it is also responsible for the interface between the complete device and the user.

Systems Engineering n The role of the system engineer is especially important when systems must have especially predictable and reliable behavior. For example, power plants (especially nuclear), medical machinery, and spacecraft usually consist of many individually engineered and manufactured parts, by different companies.

Systems Engineering n n System engineering provides the assurance that normal operations, including parts failures, will not provide a hazard for the user or anyone else in the community. The application of systems engineering processes may also result in significant cost savings, as well as providing a reasonable (up-front) assurance of the eventual success of the project.