Universal Networking Language UNL by Pantha Kanti Nath

Universal Networking Language (UNL) by Pantha Kanti Nath (05 IT 6021) Under the Guidance of Prof. Debasis Samanta School of Information Technology Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur.

Technical Terms q UNL – Universal Networking Language q IAS - Institute of Advanced Studies n UW – Universal Words n UNLKB – UNL Knowledge Base n UNLKCIC – UNL Key Concept in Context n LS – Language Servers

Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Introduction Overview Of UNL System Mechanism of Conversion of UNL System Workings UNL Expression UNL Words Relations Attribute Labels Applications (Some Application of UNL) Conclusion

What is UNL? n n n Universal Networking Language (UNL) is a computer language that enables computers to process information and knowledge across the language barriers. It is an artificial language that replicates the functions of natural languages in human communication. It expresses information or knowledge in the form of semantic networks. Unlike natural languages, UNL expressions are unambiguous. Although the UNL is a language for computers, it has all the components of a natural language. It is composed of UNL Expressions, Universal Words (UWs), Relations, Attributes. 4

Overview Of UNL System It Consists Of Language Resources: n UNLKB (Knowledge Base) – Linguistic Knowledge on concepts that are common to every language. n Universal Word Dictionary, analysis and generation rules. Language Servers: n De. Converter - automatically deconverts UNL into native languages. n En. Converters - automatically or interactively enconverts natural languages text into UNL. Software tools: n UNL Editors - used to make UNL documents. n UNL Explorers - used to view/manage UNL document by accessing UNL language servers, UNLKB & UNL Documents. 5

n n UNL Verifiers – verifies UNL expression for correctness. UNL Proxy servers – Provides communication with language servers. Concept Definitions – Defines concepts in connection with other concepts. UNL Documents - the documents in which UNL expression is described for each sentence of natural language. UNL SYSTEM 6

Mechanism of Conversion of UNL Expressions ( Language Servers ) Data Flow Control Flow 7

System Workings People with access to the Internet can "enconvert" text written in their own language into UNL expressions using UNL editor. And likewise, any UNL expressions can be "deconverted" into a variety of native languages using the UNL viewer (Explorer). 8

System Workings Cont. . When developing home page in Arabic, the UNL Editor recognizes the contents as Arabic and sends a request to the Arabic Language Server to “En. Convert” the text. . Once the Arabic text is “En. Converted” to UNL, the Arabic Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Editor. 9

System Workings Cont. . Home page designer can now embed UNL into their pages. 10

System Workings Cont. . When Spanish read this page, the UNL Viewer recognizes the contents as UNL and sends a request to the Spanish Language Server to “De. Convert” the UNL. 11

System Workings Cont. . Once UNL is “De. Converted” to Spanish, the Spanish Language Server sends the result back to the UNL Viewer. 12

System Workings Cont. . If UNL is embedded in a home page, it can be read in variety of languages. 13

UNL Expression n n John is reading a novel. UNL Hypergraph read(icl>do) agt John(iof>person) @entry. @present. @progress obj novel(icl>book) n UNL Expression [UNL] agt(read(icl>do) @entry. @present. @progress, John(iof>person)) >do) obj(read(icl>do) @entry. @present. @progress, novel(icl>book)) >do) [/UNL] 14

Universal Words (UWs) n n A UW represents simple or compound concepts. There are two classes of UWs: n Labels defined to express unit concepts, called UWs (Universal Words) n compound structures of a set of binary relations grouped together ( indicated with Compound UW-Ids) A UW is made up of a character string (an English-language word) followed by a list of constraints. n <UW>: : =<Head Word>[<Constraint List>] 15

Types of UW n Basic UWs n n n They are bare Head Words with no Constraint List. They are character strings that correspond to an English word. A basic UW denotes all the concepts that may correspond to those in English. n n for example: n go n take n house Restricted UWs n n They are Head Words with a Constraint List. Each Restricted UW represents a more specific concept, or subset of concepts. 16

Types of UW continued. . n n The Constraint List restricts the range of the concept that a Basic UW represents. n for example: n state(icl>express) n state(icl>country) n state(icl>abstract thing) n state(icl>government) Extra UWs n n n They are a special type of Restricted UW. Extra UWs denote concepts that are not found in English. Foreign-language words are used as Head Words using English (Alphabetical) characters. n for example: n n ikebana (icl>flower arrangement) kathak (icl>dance) 17

Constraints n Some examples UW ‘drink(agt>thing, obj>thing)’ denotes the subset of these concepts that include “putting liquid in the mouth”, which in turn corresponds to verbs (drink, gulp and slurp) n UW ‘provide(icl>give(agt>thing, gol>thing, obj>thing))’ Is defined as a subset concept of ‘give(agt>thing, gol>thing, obj>thing)’ n 18

Relations n n A relation label is represented as strings of 3 characters or less. The relations between UWs are binary. n n rel (UW 1, UW 2) They have different labels according to the different roles they play. At present, there are 41 relations in UNL For example, agt (agent), ins (instrument), pur (purpose), etc. 19

Attribute Labels n Attribute labels express additional information about the Universal Words that appear in a sentence. n n They show what is said from the speaker’s point of view; how the speaker views what is said. (time, reference, emphasis, attitude, etc) @entry (main UW of a sentence or a scope) , @present, @progressive, @topic, etc. 20

The boy who works here went to school go(icl>move) @ entry @ past agt plt @ entry boy(icl>pers on) agt here school(icl>institutio n) plc work(icl> do) : 01 21

The boy who works here went to school UNL expression: {UNL} agt(go(icl>move). @entry. @past, : 01) plt(go(icl>occur). @entry. @past, school(icl>institution)) agt: 01(work(icl>do), boy(icl>person. @entry)) plc: 01(work(icl>do), here) {/UNL} 22

Some UNL Application n Multilingual Search Engines Agro Explorer – a project undertaken in Media Labs Asia Group, IIT Bombay. Its goal is to create a meaning based search engine that will allow farmers to query and receive information on agriculture in there mother tongue. The UNL may become a powerful instrument to promote networking around the world (thus alleviating the isolation of scholars in developing countries). For the UN in general, for UNESCO and other multilateral organizations, it has enormous potential as a tool to foster dialogue among nations and for the promotion of peace, culture, cooperation and development. 23

References n n n n http: //www. unu. edu/ United Nations University http: //www. ias. unu. edu/ United Nations University, Institute of Advanced Studies http: //www. unl. ias. unu. edu / Universal Networking Language Programme http: //www. unl. ias. unu. edu/publications/gm/index. htm Book of Universal Networking Language http: //www. iai. uni-sb. de/UNL/unl-specs. html Official UNL Specification (unicode version) http: //www. iai. uni-sb. de/UNL/unl-iai. html German UNL Homepage http: //unl. ilc. pi. cnr. it/ Italian UNL Homepage http: //www. vai. dia. fi. upm. es/projects/unl_in. html Spanish UNL Homepage http: //www. links. nectec. or. th/unl/Unu. Web/UNLP_Homepage. htm Thai UNL Homepage http: //www. unl. rss. gov. jo/ Arabic UNL Homepage http: //www. ailab. lv/unl. htm Latvian UNL Homepage http: //www. it. iitb. ac/ it 632, 2005. Pushpak Bhattacharyya. Language Technology for the Web. http: //www. iitb. ac. in Anupama Dutta. Multilingual and meaning based search engines. Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India, November 2003. 24

agt (agent) n n agt defines a thing that initiates an action. An agent is defined as the relation between: UW 1 - do, and UW 2 - a thing n where: n n n UW 2 initiates UW 1, or UW 2 is thought of as having a direct role in making UW 1 happen. agt (do, thing) 25

Plc (place) n n n n Plc defines a place where an event occurs, or a state that is true, or a thing that exists. A place is defined as the relation between: n UW 1 – an event, state, or thing, and n UW 2 – a place or thing understood as a place. plc (occur, thing) plc (do, thing) plc (be, thing) plc (uw(aoj>thing), thing) plc (thing, thing) 26

Plt(final place) n n Plt defines a place where an event ends or a state that becomes false. A final place is defined as the relation between: n n UW 1 – an event or state, and UW 2 – a place or thing defining a place, where: n n n UW 2 is the specific place where UW 1 ended, or UW 2 is the specific place where UW 2 becomes false. plt (occur, thing) plt (do, thing) plt (uw(aoj>thing), thing) 27

Gol(final state) n n Gol defines a final state of object or a thing finally associated with the object of an event. A final state is defined as the relation between: n n UW 1 – an event, and UW 2 – a state or thing, where: n n UW 2 is the specific state describing the obj (of UW 1) at the end of UW 1, or UW 2 is a thing that is associated with the obj (of UW 1) and the end of UW 1. gol (occur(gol>thing), thing) gol (do(gol>thing), thing) 28

THE END 29

Some Examples n He liked the sweetness of the cream {unl} obj(like: 03. @entry. @past, sweetness(icl>taste): 0 D. @def) agt(like: 03. @entry. @past, he: 00) mod(sweetness(icl>taste): 0 D. @def, cream(icl>class): 0 U. @def) {/unl} 30

He needs a lot of encouragement {unl} obj(need(icl>necessitate): 03. @entry. @past. @present, encouragement(icl>aid): 0 I) agt(need(icl>necessitate): 03. @entry. @past. @present, he: 00) qua(encouragement(icl>aid): 0 I, lot(icl>quantity): 0 B. @indef) {/unl} n 31

n He is a kind of missionary {unl} aoj(missionary(icl>teacher): 0 G. @entry. @present, he: 00) mod(missionary(icl>teacher): 0 G. @entry. @present, kind(icl>-): 08. @indef) {/unl} 32

n He rejected the claims of mismanagement {unl} obj(reject(icl>judge{>be}(aoj>thing{, obj>thing})): 03. @en try. @past, claim(icl>title): 0 G. @def. @pl) agt(reject(icl>judge{>be}(aoj>thing{, obj>thing})): 03. @en try. @past, he: 00) mod(claim(icl>title): 0 G. @def. @pl, mismanagement(icl>act): 0 Q) {/unl} 33

n He took a sip of wine. {unl} obj(take(icl>act{>do}(agt>thing, gol>place, src>place)): 03. @entry. @past, wine(icl>drink): 0 H) agt(take(icl>act{>do}(agt>thing, gol>place, src>place)): 03. @entry. @past, he: 00) qua(wine(icl>drink): 0 H, sip(icl>quantity): 0 A. @indef) {/unl} 34

n He was director of the Academy {unl} aoj(director(icl>administrator): 07. @entry. @past, he: 00) mod(director(icl>administrator): 07. @entry. @past, academy(icl>school): 0 N. @def) {/unl} 35