Unit V 1914 Present Why 1914 w

Unit V: 1914 – Present Why 1914? w World War (Decline of Empires) w “Decolonization” & New Nations w Cold War Conflicts w Globalization

Causes of WWI: w. M – Militarism w. A – Alliances w. I – Imperialism w. N – Nationalism Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

Europe in 1914

World War I w Total War Effort: women; colonial soldiers w Machine guns, subs, planes, tanks, trench warfare = major death & destruction w Financial strain on empires w New nation-states formed (Palestinians, Jews, Arabs, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia) w Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles Lasting-Peace: Causes of WW II: -Creation of League of Nations -Germany pays reparations -No secret alliances -Poland is created -Arms Limitation -Germany lost Territory -Great Depression

New Map of Europe

Acts of Aggression Lead to WWII: Country Japan Italy Germany Area Attacked Manchuria, China Ethiopia 1. Austria 2. Czechoslovakia 3. Poland (1939)

AXIS POWERS: -Adolf Hitler: re-armed Germany into a modern war machine - Italian dictator Benito Mussolini *Both Fascist allies Fascist

“APPEASEMENT” OF HITLER “My good friends… I have returned form Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time… Go home and get a nice quiet sleep. ” “An appeaser is one who feeds a crocodile, hoping it will eat him last. ” - Winston Churchill

German “Blitzkreig” of Europe

Japanese Aggression in Pacific: -Bombing of Pearl Harbor - Japanese imperial expansion

Turning Points: Africa & Italy Operation Overlord (D-Day), 1944 Operation Torch, 1942 -43 Invasion of Sicily and Italy, 1943 El Alamein, 1942 -43

August 6, 1945: U. S. dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima

Democracy in Japan: • 7 yr. U. S. occupation • new Constitution & democratic gov’t

Impacts of World War II WW II: 1. Western powers weakened 2. Costs of War 3. Ends Fascism 4. Atrocities: Nazi Holocaust, Rape of Nanjing, Atomic Bombings Post-WW II: 1. Decolonization: Creation of “ 3 rd World” countries 2. The Cold War: “Bipolar World” of US vs. USSR (arms race, proxy wars, space race, containment) 3. United Nations

20 th-cen. Revolutions: • Rural peasants • Rapid Industrialization • Corrupt political systems • Foreign intervention

Mexican Revolution (1911 -1917) “Tierra y Libertad”

Changes: • 1917 Constitution • Land redistribution for peasants • Universal voting • Educational reforms for boys/girls • Workers unions • Single-party dominance by PRI

Russian Revolution “Peace, Bread, & Land” 1. 1917: oust Czar 2. Communist “Bolshevik” party takes power (Lenin as Lenin leader) 3. Lenin industrializes U. S. S. R. w/ the New Economic Policy

Effects: • Capital moved to Moscow • Authoritarian dictatorship (Stalin’s 5 -Year Plans industrialized military) -Year Plans • Supported Communist movements around world

Chinese Revolutions: 1911: Qing Dynasty overthrown Sun Yat-Sen – “Father of Modern China”; 1 st Sun Yat-Sen democratically elected leader Mao Zedong: 1949 Communist Revolution defeats Mao Zedong: Chiang Kaishek (flees to Taiwan)

How do these paintings demonstrate how Mao was successful at gaining power in China?

Cuban Revolution: 1959: Castro seized power Castro w Tried to spread Communism w allied w/ Soviets

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS (1962 ): Soviet missiles w/ nukes on island

Iranian Revolution: 1953: Shah Mohammad Reza took power 1979 - Ayatollah Khomenini ousted Shah - 1 st Islamic Fundamentalist gov’t - Hostage Crisis: 55 Americans held in Tehran - 1980 -1988: Iraq-Iran War

Decolonization Movements: w Anti-colonial nationalism after 1945 : 1. 2. 3. Violent Revolutions & Civil War: China, Algeria, Vietnam, Palestinians Non-Violent Independence: India, Ghana, Non-Violent Independence: Turkey Both: Kenya, Egypt, South Africa Both:

Violent Movements Palestine & Israel: w 1917 Balfour Declaration: promised a Jewish state Balfour Declaration w 1948: Israel created Algeria: 1954 -1962: FLN rebels against French w “Arab nationalism” w FLN used terrorist tactics

Non-Violent Movements India: w Indian National Congress (1885): Elite, educated n n Indian national consciousness Gandhi: prevented violence Gandhi - boycotts: Salt March, Homespun Movement n n Muslims: led by Jinnah (Muslim League) insisted on separate Hindu & Muslim states 1947: “Partition” of India & Pakistan

De-colonization in Africa: w Ghana…led by western- educated Kwame Nkrumah w Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta used non-violent protests “Africa for Africans”: - Pan-Africanism - African National Congress

Decolonization of Africa

Egypt: w 1952: coup by Nasser w 1956: Suez Canal nationalized w Nasser: symbol of “pan-Arab nationalism”

South Africa: w Dutch Afrikaner dominated w Apartheid – separation of blacks w 1994: Nelson Mandela 1 st Black Pres,

Nasser in Egypt Nehru in India Nkrumah in Ghana Ataturk in Turkey Kenyatta in Kenya Mao Zedong in China

U. S. COLD WAR POLICIES: 1. CONTAINMENT: block Soviet influence 2. TRUMAN DOCTRINE: monetary support to allies SOVIET RESPONSE: 1. W. & E. Germany 2. BERLIN WALL (1961)

“THE IRON CURTAIN “ Soviet-occupied E. Europe “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent. ”

ARMS RACE: -Massive military buildup

“SPACE RACE”: -USSR: 1957 Sputnik -U. S. : NASA -1961: USSR 1 st in space -1969: U. S. 1 st on moon

Vietnam: w Anti-French rebellion w Ho Chi Minh: educated; Communist leader w U. S. involvement

Fall of USSR: • Gorbachev: economic & political opening up (Glasnost & Perestroika) • China: still Communist; under Deng ONLY slow economic reforms

Global Economics w North (rich) & South (poor) w “Asian Tigers”: n Singapore, S. Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong w Globalization n n NAFTA; W. T. O. Response to Globalization?

“Globalization”

International Terrorism

Genocide

Social Reforms: w Rise of Feminism (suffrage for women) w Civil rights movements

Environmental Issues: w “Green Revolution”: food w Deforestation, global warming…

World Population