UNIT-II 3 G AND 4 G CELLULAR NETWORKS

UNIT-II 3 G AND 4 G CELLULAR NETWORKS Migration to 3 G Networks – IMT 2000 and UMTS – UMTS Architecture – User Equipment –Radio Network Subsystem – UTRAN – Node B – RNC functions – USIM – Protocol Stack – CS and PS Domains – IMS Architecture – Handover – 3. 5 G and 3. 9 G a brief discussion – 4 G LAN and Cellular Networks – LTE – Control Plane – NAS and RRC – User Plane –PDCP, RLC and MAC – Wi. Max IEEE 802. 16 d/e – Wi. Max Internetworking with 3 GPP IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 1

Migration to 3 G Networks Why 3 G? • Existing mobile networks (GSM/CDMA) were designed to handle voice traffic and voice-oriented services. • Then, when they were introduced into the market it turned out that, other than voice-oriented, additional services (SMS to set an example) gained unexpected popularity. • The need for data transmission through mobile networks has been growing gradually together with Internet popularity. • Therefore some network upgrades had to be introduced into existing mobile networks (HSCSD, GPRS). • However, these improvements provide only limited capability (e. g. GPRS - up to 50 kbit/s in reality). They don't provide flexible, variable data speed, supporting Quality of Service solutions. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 2

3 G Vision Some 3 G advantages : Ø - Multimedia (voice, data & video) exchanging. Ø -Increased data rates Ø -384 Kbps while moving Ø -2 Mbps when stationary at specific Ø Locations Ø - Universal global roaming Ø Multilevel data rates which gives multi-purpose networking. Ø Many different applications. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 3

First Generation • Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) – US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (’ 79) & US (’ 83) – 800 MHz band — two 20 MHz bands – TIA-553 – Still widely used in US and many parts of the world • Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT) – Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland – Launched 1981; now largely retired – 450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT 900) • Total Access Communications System (TACS) – British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985 – Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 4

Second Generation — 2 G • Digital systems • Leverage technology to increase capacity – Speech compression; digital signal processing • Utilize/extend “Intelligent Network” concepts • Improve fraud prevention • Add new services • There a wide diversity of 2 G systems – IS-54/ IS-136 North American TDMA; PDC (Japan) – i. DEN – DECT and PHS – IS-95 CDMA (cdma. One) – GSM IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 5

Data Rates Migration to 3 G Networks 2 Mbps 3 G (144 Kbps to 2 Mbps) 1 Mbps 100 Kbps 2. 5 G (10 -150 Kbps) 10 Kbps 1 Kbps 2 G (9. 6 Kbps) 1 G (<1 Kbps) 1980 1990 Years 2000 IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 2010 6

Migration To 3 G IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 7

Cellular networks: From 1 G to 3 G • 1 G: First generation wireless cellular: Early 1980 s – Analog transmission, primarily speech: AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Systems) and others • 2 G: Second generation wireless cellular: Late 1980 s – – Digital transmission Primarily speech and low bit-rate data (9. 6 Kbps) High-tier: GSM, IS-95 (CDMA), etc Low-tier (PCS): Low-cost, low-power, low-mobility e. g. PACS • 2. 5 G: 2 G evolved to medium rate (< 100 kbps) data • 3 G: future Broadband multimedia – 144 kbps - 384 kbps for high-mobility, high coverage – 2 Mbps for low-mobility and low coverage • Beyond 3 G: research in 4 G IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 8

IMT 2000 What is IMT 2000? • IMT-2000 is 3 G • 3 G is a term coined by the global cellular community to indicate the next generation of mobile service capabilities, e. g. , higher capacity and enhanced network functionalities, which allow advanced services and applications, including multimedia. • IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) is the ITU globally coordinated definition of 3 G covering key issues such as frequency spectrum use and technical standards. • Multiple radio technology options have been included in the IMT-2000 standard to allow seamless service evolution from the various 2 G mobile standards that are extensively deployed around the world. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 9

IMT-2000 Terrestrial Radio Interfaces Recommendation ITU-R M. 1457: Detailed Specifications of the Radio Interfaces of IMT-2000 Paired spectrum Unpaired spectrum IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC W-CDMA (UTRAN FDD) cdma 2000 UTRAN TDD TD-SCDMA UWC-136 (EDGE) Time Code Single Carrier Direct Spread Multi Carrier CDMA TDMA IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 IMT-FT DECT Frequency Time FDMA 10

IMT-2000 is much more IMT-2000 systems are expected to provide support for : - high transmission data rates for indoor and outdoor operations - symmetrical and asymmetrical data transmission - circuit-switched and packet-switched services, such as Internet Protocol (IP) traffic and real-time video - voice quality comparable to wire-line quality - greater capacity and improved spectrum efficiency - several simultaneous services to end-users and terminals, for multimedia services - global, i. e. international, roaming between different operational environments - economies of scale through open global standards to meet the needs of the mass market. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 11

UMTS • Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) • UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS • The standardization work for UMTS is carried out by Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) • Data rates of UMTS are: – 144 kbps for rural – 384 kbps for urban outdoor – 2048 kbps for indoor and low range outdoor IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 12

UMTS Frequency Spectrum • UMTS Band – 1900 -2025 MHz and 2110 -2200 MHz for 3 G transmission – In the US, 1710– 1755 MHz and 2110– 2155 MHz will be used instead, as the 1900 MHz band was already used. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 13

UMTS Architecture A UMTS network consist of three interacting domains; 1. Core Network (CN), 2. UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) and 3. User Equipment (UE). The main function of the core network is to provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic. Core network also contains the databases and network management functions. The basic Core Network architecture for UMTS is based on GSM network with GPRS. All equipment has to be modified for UMTS operation and services. The UTRAN provides the air interface access method for User Equipment. Base Station is referred as Node-B and control equipment for Node-B's is called Radio Network Controller (RNC). UMTS system page has an example, how UMTS network could be build. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 14

1. Core Network (CN) The main function of the core network is to provide switching, routing and transit for user traffic. Core network also contains the databases and network management functions. 2. UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN): Provides the air interface access method for user equipment 3. User Equipment (UE): Terminals work as air interface counterpart for base stations. The various identities are: IMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, TLLI, MSISDN, IMEISV IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 15

UMTS - Architecture IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 16

UMTS – Architecture • MS -Mobile Station USIM – UMTS Subscriber Identity Module • UTRAN - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network - RNS - Radio Network Subsystem RNC - Radio Network Controller Node B - Base station • Network node UMSC - UMTS Mobile Switching Center Registers • GMSC- Gateway Services Switching Center IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 17

UMTS – frequency spectrum • Up/Downlink Frequency Uplink: 1920 - 1980 MHz Downlink: 2110 - 2170 MHz • Own sub band for satellite service: Uplink: 1980 MHz to 2010 MHz Downlink: 2170 MHz to 2200 MHz IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 18

UMTS - Advantages • Broad offer of services • Speed, variety and user-friendliness of a service significantly improved compared with GSM. • Only bearer services are standardized • Actual application is called teleservice IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 19

UMTS - teleservices • • Teleservice created individually by a service provider using bearer services. Only 4 teleservices standardized: Speech Fax SMS Emergency call IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 20

UMTS - Applications • • Fast Internet / Intranet Streaming / Download (Video, Audio) Videoconferences Multimedia-Messaging, E-Mail Mobile E-Commerce (M-Commerce) Location Based Services Mobile Entertainment (Games, …) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 21

User Equipment • The UMTS standard does not restrict the functionality of the User Equipment in any way. Terminals work as an air interface counter part for Node-B and have many different types of identities. Most of these UMTS identity types are taken directly from GSM specifications. • International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) • Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) • Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (PTMSI) • Temporary Logical Link Identity (TLLI) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 22

User Equipment(con…) • Mobile station ISDN (MSISDN) • International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) • International Mobile Station Equipment Identity and Software Number (IMEISV) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 23

User Equipment The user equipment is sub-divided into: • Mobile Equipment Domain (ME): Performs radio transmission and contains applications. It consists of: – Mobile termination (MT): Radio transmission and related functions. – Terminal Equipment (TE): Contains end-to-end applications. • User Identity Module Domain (USIM): Contains data and procedures which unambiguously and securely identify itself. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 24

User Equipment MT USIM TE ME UE IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 25

Radio Network Subsystem • Every Radio Network Subsystem is managed by Radio Network Controller (RNC) Key RNSAP Functions: • Radio Link • Management (between SRNC and DRNC) • Reconfiguration (between SRNC and DRNC) • Supervision (reports from DRNC to SRNC) • Common Control Channel (CCCH) Signalling Transfer • Paging • Relocation Execution IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 26

UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) is the radio access network in UMTS. UTRAN consists of a set of Radio Network Subsystems (RNS) connected to Core Network. RNS RNC Node B IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 27

– A RNS consists of the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and one or more Node Bs. Each RNS is responsible for the resources of its set of cells. – RNC is responsible for the handover decisions that require signalling to the UE. It is equivalent to BSC in GSM network. – Node B is responsible for radio transmission/reception in one or more cells to/from UE. It is equivalent to BTS in GSM network. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 28

UTRAN architecture RNS UE 1 Node B Iub RNC: Radio Network Controller RNS: Radio Network Subsystem Iu RNC CN UE 2 Node B UTRAN comprises several RNSs UE 3 Node B Iur Iub RNC Node B RNS Node B can support FDD or TDD or both RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE Cell offers FDD or TDD IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 29

Node B IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 30

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RNC functions • The functions of RNC are: Radio Resource Control Admission Control Channel Allocation Power Control Settings Handover Control Macro Diversity Ciphering Segmentation / Reassembly Broadcast Signalling Open Loop Power Control IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 32

USIM Protocol Stack • A Universal Subscriber Identity Module is an application for UMTS mobile telephony running on a UICC (Universal Integrated Circuit Card ) smart card which is inserted in a 3 G mobile phone. • There is a common misconception to call the UICC card itself a USIM, but the USIM is merely a logical entity on the physical card. • It stores user subscriber information, authentication information and provides storage space for text messages and phone book contacts. The phone book on a UICC has been greatly enhanced. • For authentication purposes, the USIM stores a long-term preshared secret key K, which is shared with the Authentication Center (Au. C) in the network. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 33

• The USIM also verifies a sequence number that must be within a range using a window mechanism to avoid replay attacks, and is in charge of generating the session keys CK and IK to be used in the confidentiality and integrity algorithms of the KASUMI block cipher in UMTS. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 34

Circuit switched (CS) domain • The CS domain comprises all network functionality for provision of bearer and teleservices in a circuit orientated manner, meaning the control protocols (e. g. call handling) are based on circuit switched control protocols IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 35

Packet switched(PS) domain • the PS domain comprises all network functionality for provision of bearers in a packet orientated manner, meaning the control protocols (e. g. call handling) are based on packet switched control protocols IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 36

IMS • IMS is an architecture, it is not a protocol. • Open-systems architecture that supports a range of IPbased services over both Private and Carrier networks, employing both wireless and fixed access technologies. • IMS is defined by 3 GPP. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 37

Basic Principles • • Access Independence Different Network Architectures Terminal and user mobility Extensive IP-based services IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 38

IMS Building Blocks 1. 2. 3. 4. An all-IP Core Network (CN) An all-IP Radio Access network (RAN) Multimedia call control based on SIP Quality of Service (Qo. S) support for IP IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 39

IMS Architecture Application Layer SIP / OSA / CAMEL AS AS Control Layer Management MRF SIP, IP HSS Provisioning CSCF SG/MGCF Connectivity & Access Layer MGW IP/MPLS Charging PSTN/PLMN GERAN, UTRAN, WLAN, x. DSL, . . . IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 Number Mapping 40

HSS: Home Subscriber Server CSCF: Call Session Control Function: IMS Architecture S-CSCF: Serving CSCF I-CSCF: Interrogating CSCF P-CSCF: Proxy CSCF SGW Applicatio ns and Services BGCF: Breakout Gateway Control Function Operator 1 Multimed ia IP Networks Operator 2 CSCF HSS BGCF IM-SSF BGCF OSA-SCS MGCF: Media Gateway Control Function CSCF MGW AS AS: Application Server SCP: Service Control Point MGW: Media Gateway MRFC: Multimedia Resource Function Controller MRFP: Multimedia Resource Function Processor SGW MRFC SCP MRFP CS Domain - or PSTN - or Legacy - or External GGSN Mobile GERAN UE SGSN Alternativ e Access Network UTRAN IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 41

Terminal Service 3 Service 2 Service 1 Vertical vs. Horizontal Architecture Common functions Network logic Replicated - not reusable Terminal Routing Network logic Terminal Replication of common functions Application logic Common functions Routing IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 42

Who needs IMS? Fixed Network Users want • Multimedia Conferencing • Voice over IP • Streaming Services Mobile Network Users want • Push-to-X • Location Based Services • Mobile Gaming IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 43

Network Providers want • Fixed Mobile Convergence • One service - one implementation for all access types • New Business Models IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 44

Problems and open issues • • Architecture complexity. Guarantees of Qo. S. IETF and 3 GPP standardisation co-operation. SIP and IMS architecture are not mature enough to guarantee fully functioning network. • Terminal complexity. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 45

There is still work to be done. . • The current work in 3 GPP is still unfinished and the discussion with IETF has just been started. • The specification work still continue now. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 46

Handover • Handover basically means changing the point of connection while communicating. • Old Concept • Whenever Mobile Station is connected to 1 Base. Station and there is a need to change to another. Base Station, it is known as HANDOVER. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 47

New Concept • When mobile station switches from one set of radio resources to another set, HANDOVER is said to have taken place. Radio resources Set II HANDOVER IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 48

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HANDOFF DECISIONS • There are numerous methods for performing handoff. From the decision process point of view, one can find at least three different kinds of handoff decisions. • Network-Controlled Handoff • Mobile-Assisted Handoff • Mobile-Controlled Handoff IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 50

Network-Controlled Handoff: • In a network-controlled handoff protocol, the network makes a handoff decision based on the measurements of the MSs at a number of BSs. • In general, the handoff process takes 100– 200 ms. • Network-controlled handoff is used in first-generation analog systems such as AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), TACS(Total Access Communication System), and NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone). IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 51

Mobile-Assisted Handoff • In a mobile-assisted handoff process, the MS makes measurements and the network makes the decision. • In the circuit-switched GSM (global system mobile), the BS controller (BSC) is in charge of the radio interface management. This mainly means allocation and release of radio channels and handoff management. • The handoff time between handoff decision and execution in a circuit- switched GSM is approximately 1 second. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 52

Mobile-Controlled Handoff • In mobile-controlled handoff, each MS is completely in control of the handoff process. • This type of handoff has a short reaction time (in the order of 0. 1 second). • MS measures the signal strengths from surrounding BSs and interference levels on all channels. • A handoff can be initiated if the signal strength of the serving BS is lower than that of another BS by a certain threshold. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 53

TYPES OF HANDOVER • • HARD HANDOVER SOFT HANDOVER HORIZONTAL HANDOVER VERTICAL HANDOVER IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 54

HARD HANDOVER “BREAK BEFORE MAKE” • • Old connection is broken before a new connection is activated • Primarily used in FDMA and TDMA systems (e. g. GSM) • Different frequency ranges used in adjacent cells to minimize the interference IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 55

Mechanism of Hard Handover • The base station BS 1 on one cell site hands off the mobile station(MS)’s callto another cell BS 2. • The link to the prior base station, BS 1 is terminated before the user istransferred to the new cell’s base station, BS 2. The MS is linked to no morethan one BS at any given time. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 56

CHARACTERISTICS • A Hard handover is relatively cheaper and easier to implement in comparison to other types of Handover. • It is primarily used in FDMA (frequency division multiple access) and TDMA (time division multiple access), where different frequency ranges are used in adjacent channels in order to minimize channel interference. • It is simpler as phones hardware does not need to be capable of receiving two or more channels in parallel. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 57

INTER-CELL AND INTRA-CELL HANDOVER • The inter-cell handover switches a call in progressfrom one cell to another cell, and the intra-cellhandover switches a call in progress from one physicalchannel of a cell to another physical channel of thesame cell. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 58

SOFT HANDOVER • • • “MAKE BEFORE BREAK” New connection is activated before the old is broken Used in UMTS to improve the signal quality • Uplink and downlink signals may be combined for better signal A mobile may in UMTS spend a large part of the connection time in soft handover Better connection reliability • More seamless handover. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 59

MECHANISM OF SOFT HANDOVER IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 60

• The call is first connected to the new base station BS 2 and then it is dropped by the previous base station BS 1. • The call will be established only when a reliable connection to the target cell is obtained. The MS is linked to two BS for a brief interval of time. Thus soft handover involves connection to more than one cell. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 61

CHARACTERISTICS • It offers more reliable access continuity in network connection and less chances of a call termination during switching of base stations in comparison to a Hard handoff. • It is commonly used in CDMA (Code-division multiple access) systems that enables the overlapping of the repeater coverage zones, so that every cell phone set is always well within range of at least one of the base stations. • Technical implementation of a Soft handoff is more expensive and complex in comparison to a Hard handoff. • It is used in sensitive communication services such as videoconferencing. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 62

SOFTER HANDOVER • Softer handover is the situation where one base station receives two user signals from two adjacent sectors it serves. • In the case of softer handover the base station receives 2 separated signals through multi-path propagation. • Due to reflections on buildings or natural barriers the signal sent from the mobile stations reaches the base station from two different sectors. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 63

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HORIZONTAL HANDOVER Horizontal handover is when a mobile terminal changes its point of connection within the same type of network • E. g. from a cell to another in GSM • E. g. from an access point to another in Wi. Fi • Reasons for handover • Worse signal quality or loss of signal • Traffic load balancing • Cost IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 65

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VERTICAL HANDOVER • Vertical handover or vertical handoff refers to a network node changing the type of connectivity it uses to access a supporting infrastructure, usually to support node mobility • Vertical handovers refer to the automatic fall over from one technology to another in order to maintain communication. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 67

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CAPABILITIES OF VERTICAL HANDOVER AS COMPARED TO HORIZONTAL HANDOVER • • • Usage of different access technologies Usage of multiple network interfaces Usage of multiple IP addresses Usage of multiple (changeable) Qo. S parameters Usage of multiple network connections (multi-homing features) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 69

HANDOFF FAILURES • Because frequencies cannot be reused in adjacent cells, when a user moves from one cell to another, a new frequency must be allocated for the call. • If a user moves into a cell when all available channels are in use, the user’s call must be terminated. • Problem of signal interference where adjacent cells overpower each other resulting in receiver desensitization is also there. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 70

3. 5 G (HSDPA)High Speed Downlink Packet Access Why HSDPA? • Increasing bit rates in downlink. • Reducing delay ”TTI”. • Efficient users scheduling. • Simultaneaous single carrier support for UMTS and R 5 HSDPA IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 71

Why HSDPA? v Comparison Between 3 G & 3. 5 G. üData Rate ( 2 Mbps -----> 10 Mbps) üModulation ( QPSK -----> QPSK&16 QAM) üTTI( 10 ms ----> 2 ms ) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 72

How HSDPA Features • Decreasing delay due to transmission errors Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request H-ARQ Schemes • Chase combining • Incremental Redundancy IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 73

Chase Combining Data Block Combine Accept Data Block Retransmissions Block • Coding is applied to transmission packets • Soft combining of original and retransmitted signals is done at receiver before decoding • Advantage: self decodable, time diversity, path diversity • Disadvantage: wastage of bandwidth IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 74

Incremental Redundancy Error Data Block Combine Information from IR database IR Database Error Detection No Error Accept Data Block Deliver To Upper Layers • Advantage: Reducing the effective data throughput/bandwidth of a user and using this for another user • Disadvantage: non-self decodable IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 75

How HSDPA Features • Decreasing delay due to transmission errors Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request • Decreasing HO failure Fast cell site selection IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 76

Fast cell site selection (FCS) • 20 to 30% of UE on soft handover • Tracking of active set of Node B‘s connected to a UE • Selection of the Node-B with the best current transmission characteristics • High data rates can be achieved IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 77

Additional Physical Channels • High Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel (HS-PDSCH) – HS-Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) – HS-Shared Control Channel (HSSCCH) • High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel (HS-DPCCH) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 78

How HSDPA Features • Decreasing delay due to transmission errors Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request • Decreasing HO failure Fast cell site selection • Improving resources management Stand alone downlink shared channel • Adapting to environment local features Adaptive Modulation and Coding IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 79

AMC • Modulation Schemes: – QPSK – 16 QAM • Code Rates used: – 1/4, 1/2, 5/8 and ¾ IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 80

HSDPA EVOLUTION IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 81

HSDPA Terminals • New terminals are required to take advantage of HSDPA: – PC-cards will be the first on the market – In the 1 st phase terminals will offer: • Download 3, 6 Mbps end user throughput • Upload 384 kbps – Hand-held terminals will follow – In a 2 nd phase, peak data rates are increased to: • Download 14 Mbps • Upload 384 kbps IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 82

Conclusion • The most changing from 3 G to the 3. 5 G is the modulation. • More efficient implementation of interactive and background Quality of Service (Qo. S) classes • Peak data rates exceeding 2 Mbps and theoretically 10 Mbps & more with MIMO IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 83

3. 9 G(LTE) • LTE stands for Long Term Evolution • The goal of LTE (3. 9 G) is to provide a high-data-rate, lowlatency and packet-optimized radio access technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments. • In parallel, new network architecture is designed with the goal to support packet-switched traffic with seamless mobility, quality of service and minimal latency. • Next Generation mobile broadband technology • Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps • Based on UMTS 3 G technology • Optimized for All-IP traffic IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 84

Advantages of LTE IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 85

Comparison of LTE Speed IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 86

Major LTE Radio Technologies • Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for downlink • Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink • Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced throughput • Reduced power consumption • Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery power used by handsets) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 87

LTE Architecture IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 88

Control-plane protocol Stack IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 89

• RLC and MAC sublayers (terminated in e. NB on the network side) perform the same functions as for the user plane • The various functions performed by RRC (terminated in e. NB on the network side) are - Broadcast - Paging - RRC connection management - Mobility functions - UE measurement reporting and control. • PDCP sublayer performs - Integrity Protection - Ciphering. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 90

• NAS (terminated in a. GW on the network side) performs - SAE bearer management - Authentication - Idle mode mobility handling - Paging origination - Security control for the signaling between a. GW and UE, and for the user plane. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 91

4 G LAN • 4 G technologies are sometimes referred to by the acronym “MAGIC” which stands for Mobile multimedia, Anytime/any-where, Global mobility support, Integrated wireless and Customized personal service. • Use your wireless device anywhere for listening to music, shopping (m-commerce) , downloading (file transfer), watching video (live streaming) • Multiple applications (talk and use Internet services at the same time) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 92

4 G Technology Challenges – Supporting heterogeneous multitude of systems • Includes multiple networks: • Cellular telecommunication systems • Digital video broadband • Digital audio broadband – Wireless LAB, Bluethood-based networks – Open communication network: infrastructure independent which can access to any services and applications (now and in the future!) – Complete compatibility between wireless and wired networks through gateways IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 93

4 G Technology Challenges(con. . ) – Supporting statistical multiplexing of heterogeneous data over-the-air – Latency, noisy environment, unpredictable discontinuities and loss, etc. – High-speed wireless transmission over the air • High performance physical layer – 20 Mbps (2 G: 28 Kbps, 3 G: 2 Mbps) • Scarce bandwidth availability • Efficient frequency spectrum utilization • Efficient hand off • Dynamic bandwidth allocation • Advanced digital transmission technology (modulation, low power devices, etc. ) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 94

Current Technology • TDMA : Time Division Multiple Access, is a technique for dividing the time domain up into sub channels for use by multiple devices. • CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access, allows every device in a cell to transmit over the entire bandwidth at all times. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 95

4 G Hardware • Ultra Wide Band Networks : Ultra Wideband technology, or UWB, is an advanced transmission technology that can be used in the implementation of a 4 G network. • Smart Antennas : Multiple “smart antennas” can be employed to help find, tune, and turn up signal information IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 96

General 4 G Services and 4 G Applications • • • Localized/Personalized Information Organizational services Communications services and applications Entertainment services Mobile commerce (M-Commerce ) User IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 97

Features of 4 G Wireless Systems • • • Support interactive multimedia User friendliness High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit Higher band widths Terminal Heterogeneity Network Heterogeneity IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 98

User and Industry Expectations Wireless users can be categorized into generalized segments : • The Age segment • The Internet Usage segment • The Mobile Professional segment IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 99

Comparison between 3 g and 4 g IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 100

Conclusion • 4 G will be a Convergence Platform providing clear advantages in terms of Coverage, Bandwidth, Power Consumption, variety of Services, ranging from Pop-Up advertisements to Location-Based services and IP Data casting ones. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 101

Cellular Networks Principles of Cellular Networks • Underlying technology for mobile phones, personal communication systems, wireless networking etc. • Developed for mobile radio telephone – Replace high power transmitter/receiver systems • Typical support for 25 channels over 80 km – Use lower power, shorter range, more transmitters IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 102

Cellular Network Organization • Multiple low power transmitters – 100 w or less • Area divided into cells – Each with own antenna – Each with own range of frequencies – Served by base station • Transmitter, receiver, control unit – Adjacent cells on different frequencies to avoid crosstalk IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 103

Shape of Cells • Square • Hexagon IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 104

Cellular Geometries IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 105

Frequency Reuse • Power of base transceiver controlled – Allow communications within cell on given frequency – Limit escaping power to adjacent cells – Allow re-use of frequencies in nearby cells – Use same frequency for multiple conversations – 10 – 50 frequencies per cell • E. g. – N cells all using same number of frequencies – K total number of frequencies used in systems – Each cell has K/N frequencies – Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) K=395, N=7 giving 57 frequencies per cell on average IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 106

Frequency Reuse Patterns IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 107

Increasing Capacity (1) • Add new channels – Not all channels used to start with • Frequency borrowing – Taken from adjacent cells by congested cells – Or assign frequencies dynamically • Cell splitting – Non-uniform distribution of topography and traffic – Smaller cells in high use areas • Original cells 6. 5 – 13 km • 1. 5 km limit in general • More frequent handoff • More base stations IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 108

Cell Splitting IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 109

Increasing Capacity (2) • Cell Sectoring – Cell divided into wedge shaped sectors – 3 – 6 sectors per cell – Each with own channel set • Subsets of cell’s channels – Directional antennas • Microcells – Move antennas from tops of hills and large buildings to tops of small buildings and sides of large buildings • Even lamp posts – Form microcells – Reduced power – Good for city streets, along roads and inside large buildings IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 110

Frequency Reuse Example IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 111

Operation of Cellular Systems • Base station (BS) at center of each cell – Antenna, controller, transceivers • Controller handles call process – Number of mobile units may in use at a time • BS connected to mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO) – One MTSO serves multiple BS – MTSO to BS link by wire or wireless • MTSO: – Connects calls between mobile units and from mobile to fixed telecommunications network – Assigns voice channel – Performs handoffs – Monitors calls (billing) • Fully automated IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ 112 NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1

Overview of Cellular System IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 113

Channels • Control channels – Setting up and maintaining calls – Establish relationship between mobile unit and nearest BS • Traffic channels – Carry voice and data IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 114

Long Term Evolution (LTE) • What is LTE? • LTE is the next generation of Mobile broadband technology • Data rates of 100 Mbps • It is the next level after UMTS 3 G technology • Works with IP IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 115

Advantages • • • Provides low latency Higher network throughput Increased data transfer speed More cost effectiveness Improvements over 3 G network IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 116

LTE v/s Other technologies IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 117

LTE Technologies OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) for downlink SC-FDMA (Single Carrier – Frequency Division Multiple Access) for uplink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) SAE (System Architecture Evolution) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 118

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LTE Network Elements -Evolved Node B (e. NB) Supports air interface Provides radio resource management functions -Serving Gateway (SGW) Provides Mobility Responsible for Routing and Forwarding -Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) Provides connectivity to Internet Provides Qo. S and mobility between 3 G and non-3 G networks -Mobility Management Entity (MME) Manages mobility and provides security Operates in control plane and provides authentication IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 120

LTE Future and Uses Ø Ø Ø Mass deployment to begin around 2012 Devices which are covered under LTE are – Mobile phones, laptops, cameras, camcorders Assured interoperability with older wireless technologies such as GSM, WCDMA/HSPA, CDMA, TD-SCDMA IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 121

LTE Advanced • • Mobile Communication Standard As a major enhancement of the 3 GPP LTE Standard Peak data rates of 1 Gbps to meet IMT Advanced standards for 4 G Ability to leverage advanced topology heterogenous networks such as Picocells and Femtocells Improves capacity and coverage and provides large bandwidth upto 100 MHz of spectrum IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 122

Control Plane • Protocols for controlling the radio access bearers and the connection between the UE and the network • Has three layers: physical layer, data-link layer and network layer. • Data link layer comprises of MAC and RLC. Network layer comprises of RRC , MM, GMM and CM. • RLC, MAC and PHY are also present in USER PLANE. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 123

IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 124

NAS(Network Attached Storage) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 125

• In the past, floppy drives with capacities in mere KB’s were widely used to share data files. Over time the need for larger and larger capacity has emerged due to growing need for data to be shared across organizations. Removable storage media, such as flash drives, are capable of storing gigabytes (GB) of data have now complimented the traditional removable media drives. • Businesses not only need the capacity to handle huge data storage requirements, the need to share their data has made Network Attached Storage (NAS) an attractive option. NAS systems use external storage for server/hosts, adding flexibility to network storage. NAS works at the file level, rather than the block level. This enables widespread access to the data over the network, based upon the file system client loaded. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 126

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What is NAS • NAS is shared storage on a network infrastructure using a unique addressing schema. A NAS server is a storage device that consists of a high performance file server and attached to a LAN. It is a single-purpose machine serving as a dedicated, high-performance, high-speed communication gateway to file data. • Note: A NAS device is sometimes called an appliance or filer. • The NAS head (as illustrated) could be remote from its storage (gateway) or contained within the same cabinet as its storage—so that the storage is dedicated to NAS applications (integrated). IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 128

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• Unlike a general-purpose server, such as a Unix or NT server, a NAS server is a device optimized for file serving functions such as storing, retrieving, and serving files. A single function NAS device provides: – Real-time OS dedicated to file serving – Open standard protocols – Built-in native clustering for high availability IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 130

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• The following are some benefits of NAS: – Supports global information access • Enables greater file sharing, even over a long distance • Supports many-to-one or one-to-many configurations • Can share data across platforms – Improves efficiency through specialized OS, optimized for file serving • Eliminates bottlenecks encountered when accessing files from central file server • Relieves IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 132

– Flexibility - works with many types of clients on both UNIX and Microsoft Windows platforms using Industry standard protocols. – Centralizes storage – minimizes duplication on client workstations, reducing management complexity and improving data protection. – Simplifies management - leverages existing security infrastructure through standard network protocols. Single point of management for multiple systems for multiple data sets. Identifies data by file name and byte offsets, transfers file data or file meta-data. – Scalable - Due to its high performance, low latency design, enables NAS to scale well and depending upon utilization profiles, address many differing types of business applications. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 133

– High availability • Replication and recovery options • Can safely centralize large amounts of user data behind a single NAS device with redundant networking equipment to provide maximum connectivity options. • Clustering technology for failover in the event of filer failure – Handles security, user authentication, and file locking in IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 134

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• A NAS device is made up of the following components: – Network Interface via one or more Network Interface Cards (NICs) • Examples: Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mb/s), Fast Ethernet (10 Mb/s), ATM, and FDDI. – Network File Systems (NFS) and Common Internet File Systems (CIFS) protocols – Proprietary, optimized Windows, UNIX, or LINUX based OS. Examples: • DART - Data Access in Real Time (EMC) • Data ONTAP (Network Appliance) – Industry standard storage protocols to connect to and manage physical disk storage resources. • Examples: Serial ATA (SATA), SCSI, or Fibre Channel IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 136

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• Most NAS devices support multi-protocol file services to handle file I/O requests to the remote file system. The more common protocols for file sharing are: – Network File Systems (NFS) - developed by Sun and closely aligned with UNIX-based operating systems – Common Internet File Systems (CIFS) – developed by Microsoft and closely aligned with Windows-based operating systems IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 138

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• While CIFS and NFS are file system protocols, it is important to understand how the network transport protocols of IP, TCP, and FTP fit into the picture. – OSI model (developed by the ISO standards body) - defines the specific layers that are responsible for communication tasks. – Internet Protocol Suite – defines a group of open-system (non-proprietary) protocols that communicate across interconnected networks (LAN/WAN). This suite includes both low layer protocols (e. g. , IP and TCP) as well as common applications such as electronic mail, terminal emulation, and file transfer (FTP). IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 142

• IP is a network-layer protocol that contains addressing information and some control information, enabling packets to be routed. • In NAS, the back-end connects to its storage most often using Fibre Channel interconnectivity and the front-end/client connectivity most often via the TCP/IP protocol. If any client wants to access a file from NAS system, it requests the file directly. The NAS system then converts this request in block level access and retrieves data from storage and presents data to client as a complete file. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 143

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• NFS and CIFS protocols handle file I/O requests to the remote file system, which is managed by the NAS device. – I/O requests are packaged by the requestor into TCP/IP and forwarded through the network stack, transported across the network, and received by the NAS. – The NAS converts the protocol request into an appropriate physical storage request (block I/O), and then performs the operation against the physical storage pool. – The data returned from the physical storage pool is then processed by the NAS and repackaged into an appropriate file protocol response. – This response is packaged into TCP/IP again and forwarded through the network to the client. • This example shows an operation being directed to the remote NAS device and how the different protocols and software layers play a part in moving the request and response between the IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ client and NAS. 145 NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1

Due to the structure of the specialized operating system on NAS devices, multiple protocol stacks can be simultaneously supported, thereby allowing disparate systems access to the storage simultaneously. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 146

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Radio Resource Control (RRC) • Used for setting up, reconfigure and reestablish radio bearers. • • Cell Broadcast Service (CBS) control. • • Initial cell selection and cell re-selection. • • Paging. • • Broadcast of information: • – related to the non-access stratum (Core Network). • – related to the access stratum. • • Establishment, maintenance and release • – of an RRC connection between the UE and UTRAN. • – of Radio Bearers. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 148

• Assignment, reconfiguration and release of radio resources for the RRC connection. • Control of requested Qo. S. • UE measurement reporting and control of the reporting. • RRC message integrity protection. • Arbitration of radio resources on uplink DCH. • Slow Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA) (TDD mode). • Timing advance (TDD mode). • RRC connection mobility functions (RNC relocation). • Outer loop power control. • Control of ciphering. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 149

RRC logical architecture IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 150

• Dedicated Control Functional Entity (DCFE): Handles functions and signalling specific to UE. One DCFE entity for each UE • Paging and Notification control Functional Entity (PNFE): paging of idle mode UE. At least one PNFE in the RNC for each cell. . • Broadcasting Control Functional Entity (BCFE): handles the broadcasting of system information. There is at least one BCFE for each cell in the RNC. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 151

RRC states and state transitions including GSM IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 152

RRC service states • Idle Mode: – After UE is switched on it will camp in the a suitable cell. After camping: – User is able to send and receive system and cell broadcasting information. – In the idle mode until it transmits a request to establish RRC connection. • Cell_DCH – Entered from Idle Mode or by establishing a DCH from the Cell_FACH state. – DPCH and physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) is allocated to UE. – UE is in this mode until explicit signalling for Cell_FACH. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 153

• Cell_FACH – No dedicated channel allocated. Data transmitted through RACH and FACH. – UE listens BCH. – Cell reselection is performed (RNC is informed). • Cell_PCH – UE known at a cell level but can be reached via PCH. – Usel listens BCH, some terminals also BMC. – In case of Cell reselection automatically moved to Cell_FACH state. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 154

• URA_PCH – UE executes the cell update procedure only if the UTRAN Registration Area is changed. – DCCH can not be used in this state, all the activities initiated by the network through the PCCH or RACH. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 155

User-plane Protocol Stack IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 156

RLC and MAC sublayers (terminated in e. NB on the network side) perform the following functions - Scheduling - ARQ - HARQ PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) sublayer (terminated in a. GW on the network side) performs for the user plane the following functions - Header Compression - Integrity Protection - Ciphering. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 157

PDCP • PDCP is Packet Data Convergence Protocol. • It is one of the layers of the Radio Traffic Stack in UMTS and performs IP header compression and decompression, transfer of user data and maintenance of sequence numbers for Radio Bearers which are configured for lossless serving radio network subsystem (SRNS) relocation. • The compression technique can be based on either RFC 2507 or RFC 3095. • RFC 1144 can also be used for some background information, and although the techniques in the RFC are not used in modern TCP/IP implementations, it still shows what the compression/decompression technique looks like. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 158

• If PDCP is configured for No Compression it will send the IP Packets without compression; otherwise it will compress the packets according to its configuration by upper layer and attach a PDCP header and send the packet. • It uses the service provided by a lower layer called Radio Link Control (RLC) that uses the Radio Link Protocol. • PDCP header consists of two fields: PID and PDU TYPE. • PDU Type field indicates whether the PDU is Data PDU or Sequence Number PDU. • PID field value indicates header compression protocol type used and packet type or CID. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 159

(RLC)Radio Link Control • The main functions of the layer are segmentation and reassembly of RLC top layer of packages in order to adapt them to the size that can be effectively transmitted over the radio interface. • For radio bearers which are in need of transmission errors, the RLC is relayed to discover how to recover from packet losses. • In addition, the RLC Reordering performed to compensate for out-of-order Receipt due to hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) Layer below. There is only one entity per RLC radio spokesman. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 160

MAC (Medium Access Control) layer • This layer performs the multiplexing of data for a variety of radio carriers. • Therefore, it is not only one of the MAC for the UE. • Determining the amount of data that can be transmitted from each radio bearer layer, the size of the packet, RLC and instructing on the MAC layer to achieve negotiated Quality of Service (Qo. S) for each radio bearer. • Uplink, this process involves communication of the amount of data to transfer the e. Node. B • On the sending side, each layer receives a data service unit (SDU) from the higher layers, layer provides services and outputs the Protocol data unit (PDU) to the lower layer. A layer of RLC receives packets from PDCP layers. These packages are called PDUs with the PDCP point of view, and represent the PDCP RLC SDUs perspective, RLC. A layer of RLC creates packages that are scheduled for the layer below, i. e. , the MAC layer. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 161

IEEE/802. 16/Wi. MAX technologies • Attractive emerging metropolitan technology for rural and • metropolitan area broadband wireless access (BWA) • highly efficient and suitable to support a large range of applications • for residential and enterprise environments • officially named as the Wireless. MAN™) • IEEE 802. 16 x - basic standards • Wi. MAX • "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access” alternative name • given by industry group Wi. MAX Forum • Wi. MAX Forum mission : promote and certify compatibility and • interoperability of broadband wireless products IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 162

Wi. Max IEEE 802. 16 d/e Background of IEEE 802. 16 • 1998: IEEE 802 SG on “Broadband Wireless Access” (BWA) (Prof. Roger B. Mark, Chair, IEEE 802. 16 WG, Jan. 2001) – 1999: 1 st IEEE 802. 16 Project – Scope: PHY and MAC layer of the air interface of interoperable fixed point-to-multipoint broadband wireless access systems. The specification enables transport of data, video, and voice services. It applies to systems operating in the vicinity of 30 GHz but is broadly applicable to systems operating between 10 and 66 GHz. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 163

IEEE 802. 16 -Goals • Provide wireless high-speed Internet access to home and business • subscribers, on metropolitan distances • BS can handle thousands of subscriber stations (SS) • Access control prevents collisions • Supports for : Data, Legacy voice systems, Vo. IP, TCP/IP, Appl. • with different Qo. S, and different level of guarantees • Wireless Solution for “Last Mile” (or “First Mile”) problem IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 164

802. 16 Entities BS- Base Station • PHY and MAC are the main layers • Central role in point-to multipoint (PMP) modes • Coordination role in resource management • Connection/gateway point to other networks ( backhaul, core • IP, Internet) • Usually out-door installation SS – Subscriber Station • Single user SS – fixed station • Mobile Station - MS • MSS - Multiple Subscriber Station (playing role of an AP for • LAN/WLAN) • may be installed in-door or out-door RS - Relay station • Used in Mobile Multihop Relay (MMR IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 165

Basic 802. 16 topologies and basic components Operation mode/topologies • Point to multipoint (PMP)/star topology • Mesh mode/mesh topology • (New) Mobile Multihop Relay/tree topology Medium Access Control (MAC) • allocates uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) bandwidth to SSes as per their • individual needs • real time (rt) • non-real-time (nrt) classes of services Duplex modes • Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) • Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes • Frequency spectrum: • 2 -11 GHz, 10 -66 GHz • Line of Sight (LOS) and Non LOS IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 166

Main Standards 802. 16 relevant standards • 802. 16 (Dec. 2001) • Basic 802. 16 standard • Based on Data over Cable Service I/F Specs (DOCSIS) • 10 -66 GHz licensed spectrum, single carrier (SC) physical (PHY) • Line-of-sight (LOS), • Theoretical rates up to 134 Mbit/s, real < 70 Mbit/s, typical < 12 MBit/s • Fixed technology, point-to-multipoint (PMP) topology • Coverage – theoretically- 30 -mile radius from BS ( real deployments~20 Km) • Now withdrawn IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 167

802. 16 a (2003) • • 2 -11 Ghz - licensed/unlicensed bandwidths Channel size ranges: 1. 75 – 20 MHz PMP and Mesh topologies LOS and non-line-of-sigth (NLOS)- applicable to urban areas Rates <70 MBps, distances up to 30 miles Extension: Single Carrier (SC) 256 point transform Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) • 2048 points transform OFDMA (OFD Multiple Access) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 168

802. 16 b (5 -6 Ghz) • Now withdrawn • 802. 16 c (2002) - detailed system profiles for 10 -66 GHz 802. 16 standard • Now withdrawn 802. 16 d (2004) basic current fixed mode- standard • Aligned with ETSI HIPERMAN std. • includes the a/b/c amendments • Topologies: PMP and mesh, 70 Mbps IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 169

• 802. 16 e (Mobile Wireless MAN), 2005 • Lower data rates of 15 Mbps, full nomadic and mobile use including • handover • enhancements to 802. 16 -2004 • • better support for Qo. S • • Scalable OFDMA • called “Mobile Wi. MAX” • 2. 3, 2. 5 GHz bands • Supports devices as : mobile smart phones, PDAs, Notebooks, Laptops IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 170

802. 16 f • Management information base 802. 16 g • Management plane procedures and services 802. 16 h • Improved coexistence mechanisms for license-exempt operation 802. 16 j • Multi-hop relay specification 802. 16 k • 802. 16 bridging IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 171

802. 16 m • Amendment for advanced air interface looking to the future • It is anticipated that it will provide data rates of 100 Mbps for mobile applications and 1 Gbps for fixed applications • cellular, macro and micro cell coverage, with currently no restrictions on the RF bandwidth although it is expected to be 20 MHz or more IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 172

IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 173

Wi. MAX • Wi. MAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, • In 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. • The name "Wi. MAX" was created by the Wi. MAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 174

Wi. MAX 802. 16 d and e • • • IEEE 802. 16 -2004 include P 2 P and mesh access networks 2 -11 GHz NLOS 10 -66 GHz LOS During 2005 IEEE 802. 16 e includes mobility. IEEE 802. 16 is supported by the industry group Wi. MAX IEEE 802. 11 is supported by the industry group Wi. Fi IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 175

• 802. 16. 1 (10 -66 GHz, line-of-sight, up to 134 Mbit/s) • 802. 16. 2 (minimizing interference between coexisting WMANs) • 802. 16 a (2 -11 Ghz, Mesh, non-line-of-sight) • 802. 16 b (5 -6 Ghz) • 802. 16 c (detailed system profiles) • 802. 16 e (Mobile Wireless MAN) IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 176

Wi. Max Internetworking with 3 GPP • The 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) unites [Six] telecommunications standard development organizations known as “Organizational Partners” and provides their members with a stable environment to produce the highly successful Reports and Specifications that define 3 GPP technologies. • The Four Technical Specification Groups (TSG) in 3 GPP are Radio Access Networks (RAN), Service & Systems Aspects (SA), Core Network & Terminals (CT) and GSM EDGE Radio Access Networks (GERAN). IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 177

• 3 GPP technologies from these groups are constantly evolving through Generations of commercial cellular / mobile systems Since the completion of the first LTE and the Evolved Packet Core specifications, 3 GPP has become the focal point for mobile systems beyond 3 G. IFETCE/M. E (CSE) /RAJESH. R/I YEAR/I SEM/ NE 7002/MPC/UNIT-II/PPT/VERSION 1. 1 178