Unit 7 Twentieth Century Since 1945 Global History

Unit 7: Twentieth Century Since 1945 Global History II Review 1

Cold War • Europe Divided – West Europe/ Germany (Pro Democracy) – East Europe/ Germany (Communist) – Iron Curtain/ Berlin Wall • Germany and Japan Rebuild – Democracy comes to West Germany – Germany learned lessons from Holocaust – Japan adopts Constitution (Democracy) 2

Cold War • Superpowers (USA vs. USSR) • Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan – Economic and military plans to assist European nations sympathetic to democracy • NATO vs. Warsaw Pact Nations – Defensive alliances formed (Dem/ Com) – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (Dem) – Warsaw Pact (Communists) 3

Cold War • Events of the Cold War across World – Hungarian Revolt (1956) • Nationalist Revolt put down by Soviet Troops – Czechoslovakia (1968) • Soviets used force again to suppress rebellion – Arms Race between nations (Nuclear as well) – Space Race (Sputnik and race to the moon) – Korean War (1950) Ended with N & S Koreas – Vietnam War (1960 s-70 s) Communists won 4

Cold War • Cold War in the Middle East – Egypt/ USSR vs. Israel/ USA – USA and USSR interest in Iranian Oil fields • Cold War in Africa (Congo and Angola) • Cold War in Latin America (Cuba) – Fidel Castro turned to Soviets for aide – Failed Bay of Pigs invasion by USA – Cuban Missile Crisis- brink of tensions 5

Cold War • Nonaligned Nations – Nations that chose not to join either side – Remained neutral (traded with both sides) – India, Yugoslavia, and many African nations • United Nations – Nations aired differences peacefully – Nations voted in blocs supporting USA or USSR 6

Economic Issues • Market Economy vs. Command Economy – Market is most similar to capitalism (private) – Command is similar to communism (state) • Economies of Developing Nations – Nations with limited resources or without modern industrial economies – Issues: Building industry, improving farming, and controlling population growth – Examples: India, Egypt, Latin America, Africa 7

Economic Issues • Economic recovery and cooperation – European nations worked together • Common Market and the European Union (Euro$) • Japan becomes an economic superpower – Economic reforms and favorable balance of trade have helped economy of Japan • OPEC and Oil in the Middle East – Cartel: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries controls the worlds oil supply (price) 8

Chinese Communist Revolution • Communists Rise to Power under Mao – – Long March: fought off Nationalist forces Peasants joined forces with Mao and Reds Great Leap Forward: created communes Cultural Revolution: renew loyalty to Marxism • Communism under Deng Xiaoping – Four Modernizations: Contact with the West • Farming, Industry, Science/Tech, and Defense were all modernized – Tiananmen Square Massacre: Students demanded democratic reforms and were attacked by troops 9

Collapse of European Imperialism • Indian Independence and Partition (1947) – Britain gives India independence – Muslims and Hindus clashed/ Pakistan made – Democratic/Parliamentary form of government – Hindu Caste system underwent changes – Status of women drastically improve (leaders) • Independent Nations in Africa – Pan-Africanism: Failed attempt to have a unified continent of Africa (like United States) 10

Collapse of European Imperialism • Independent Nations in Africa – Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah (Pan-Africanism) – Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta from Britain – Algeria: Fought French for freedom – Africa depends greatly on European trade – Ethnic tensions in Africa • Rwanda: Fighting between Hutu and Tutsi tribes • South Africa: Ended Apartheid in 1994 (Mandela) • Apartheid (legal separation of races) 11

Collapse of European Imperialism • Difficulties and Struggles in SEA – Vietnam: Ho Chi Minh fought for freedom from French colonial rule – Vietnam then involved in war (Communists and Nationalists fought for control) – Cambodia: Khmer Rouge under Pol Pot led a reign of terror over the people over million were killed – Myanmar: Former British possession now led by military junta despite elections 12

Conflicts in Middle East • Geography (crossroads of the world) – Oil resources has brought tremendous wealth • State of Israel creates tensions with Arabs – 1947 Israel is created by UN for a Jewish homeland following the Holocaust – Palestinians and Arab-Israeli Wars • PLO (Yasir Arafat) used terrorist acts against Israel • Camp David Accords: Peace agreement • Still tensions and fighting in the area 13

Conflicts in Middle East • Iranian Revolution (1979) – 1953 Shah Reza Pahlavi westernized Iran – 1970 s opposition the Shah led by Ayatollah Khomeini and overthrew the government • Islamic Fundamentalism rose in ME • Issues with Iraq and Saddam Hussein – Iran-Iraq War: 1980 border dispute – Persian Gulf War: 1991 Iraq invaded Kuwait 14

Collapse of Communism (USSR) • Cold War Tensions begin to thaw (1970 s) – Détente- lessening of tensions – SALT (disarmament talks) • Soviets invade Afghanistan and lose • Gorbachev brings reforms to USSR – Perestroika: Economic reforms (free market) – Glasnost: Openness to discuss problems 15

Collapse of Communism (USSR) • Breakup of the Soviet Union (1991) – Republics broke free of USSR (Baltic lands) • Eastern Europe changes to Democracies – Poland: Lech Walesa and Solidarity movement moved toward democracy – Germany is united as one nation (Wall Falls) – Ethnic Tensions surfaced in Balkans • Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia broke apart 16

Changes in Latin America • Political and social upheavals after WWII • Argentina: Juan Peron came to power – Repressive government • Nicaragua: Sandinistas (communists) vs. Contras for control of country • Mexico: Periods of rebellion 1960 -2000 • Panama: Panama Canal important (trade) • Catholic Church important in society 17