Unit 6 Adjustment Breakdown Psychological Disorders

Unit 6 – Adjustment & Breakdown Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders Normal or Abnormal? What most people (majority) do is normal Deviation is abnormal l Getting along on the world is normal Failure to adjust physically, emotionally or psychologically is abnormal l Striving for ideal psychological functioning (self-actualization) is normal l

Abnormal Behavior Is normal better than abnormal? l Oppression, stonings, tax evasion, speeding, smoking, drinking, late assignments, skipping class, … Why study abnormal behavior? l Harmful behaviors (crime, drug use, violence) might be changed / stopped (i. e. BAU)

Abnormal Behavior Depends on situation - where/ when ? ?

Abnormal Behavior Depends on situation - where/ when ? ? l (comfort in environment, clothes for season / venue, urgency) Cultural differences ? ? l (hand holding, men kissing, bowing, evil spirits) Occasional abnormal behavior does not mean a psychological disorder (TRY IT)

Failure to adjust Does abnormal behavior cause difficulty getting along in the world? l (can’t leave house…can’t work) Everyone strives toward ideal functioning = self-actualization

Sanity Legal definition – far too simple for psychologists “most people labelled mentally ill are not ill at all” (Szasz)…simply have problems with daily living Convenient to label people ill and hospitalize them

Classification DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) – classify mental illness DSM IV uses 5 major axes (dimensions): I. III. IV. V. Explicitly defined categories (mood, schizophrenia & other psychotic, eating…) Developmental or long standing personality disorders Physical disorders or medical conditions Measures stress level Highest level of adaptive functioning

Mental Illness Who is affected? • Mental illness indirectly affects all Canadians at some time through a family member, friend or colleague. • 20% of Canadians will personally experience a mental illness in their lifetime. • Mental illness affects people of all ages, educational and income levels, and cultures. • Approximately 8% of adults will experience major depression at some time in their lives. • About 1% of Canadians will experience bipolar disorder (or “manic depression”).

Mental Illness How common is it? • Schizophrenia affects 1% of the Canadian population. • Anxiety disorders affect 5% of the household population, causing mild to severe impairment. • Suicide accounts for 24% of all deaths among 15 -24 year olds and 16% among 25 -44 year olds. • Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in both men and women from adolescence to middle age. • The mortality rate due to suicide among men is four times the rate among women. http: //www. cmha. ca/media/fast-facts-about-mental-illness/

The Issues How many undiagnosed / misdiagnosed? Problem getting better or worse? Why? Are awareness campaigns successful? Why is there still such a stigma?

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Types of Disorders Mood Schizophrenia Somatoform Dissociative Personality Drug Addiction Anxiety

Mood Disorders Types ? ? l Major depressive disorder – feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure l l Case study: Kari Bipolar disorder – cycle between alternating phases: manic (euphoria / frantic action) and depressive (deep despair) l Case study: Moira

Mood Disorders l l Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) – melatonin high (sleep) + serotonin low (mood) Post partum depression (PPD) – 3 -4 weeks after birth, cause may be hormone shift, may lead to other depressive disorders

Mood Disorders Causes ? ? l l l Self-esteem, social support, coping with stress Draw illogical conclusions about self (Beck) Learned helplessness (Seligman) No control – useless to try Reduced serotonin and/or noradrenaline Therefore, both biological & psychological Risk of suicide (3 rd leading cause of death for teens)

Schizophrenia Chronic, severe, disabling brain disease Confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, & perceptions, decline in functioning, diverted attention Incidence: l l 1% (10% if family history) Typical onset late teens / early 20 s

Schizophrenia Types: l Paranoid (“positive” symptoms) l Delusions = false belief despite contrary evidence: l l Grandeur (supreme power) Persecution (suspicions) Hallucinations = perceptions with no direct external cause (all 5 senses) Case study: Tara, John Nash

Schizophrenia l Disorganized (“negative” symptoms): l Incoherent language (word salad) l Case study: Nathaniel Ayers Jr Disturbed affect (inappropriate emotional expression) l Disorganized movements l Diverted attention l l Catatonic = motionless / deteriorated movement

Schizophrenia Causes: l l l Heredity Chemical imbalance (dopamine ++) Deteriorated brain tissue (CAT / MRI)

Schizophrenia Causes: l l l Heredity Chemical imbalance (dopamine ++) Deteriorated brain tissue (CAT / MRI) Diasthesis hypothesis = inherit a predisposition + exposure to stressors (i. e. pathogenic / unhealthful family) Maternal infection Birth trauma

Schizophrenia Prognosis: l l No cure – recovery (remission possible) Long term institutionalization in mental hospital -> burnout (inability to function in society)

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Somatoform Disorders Somatoform disorder (Freud’s hysteria) = physical symptoms with no apparent cause: Conversion disorder: emotional difficulties > loss of physical function (paralysis / blindness…) calm acceptance (la belle indifference) suggests psychological l Hypochondriasis: imaginary symptoms (young adults, Web. MD) l

Dissociative Disorders Experience alterations in memory, identity, consciousness Examples ? ? l l Dissociative Amnesia = lost memory of personal events / info, no biological / physiological explanation, traumatic event Dissociative Fugue = amnesia + active flight / travel away from home

Dissociative Disorders l Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): l l 2+ distinct personalities (patterns of thinking and behaving) Usually suffered abuse as children Formerly multiple personality disorder Case study: Bill Green

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Personality Disorders Maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with other people or situations Types ? ? l Antisocial (a. k. a. sociopath, psychopath) – shallow emotions, irresponsibility, lack of conscience, disregard of others without remorse / shame / guilt, thrill seekers

Infamous Serial Killers Name Date Country Jack the Ripper 1888 England Ed Gein (Buffalo Bill) 1954 -1957 USA The Zodiac Killer 1968 -1969 Charles Manson Ted Bundy David Berkowitz (Son of Sam) John Wayne Gracy Date Country Alieen Wuornos 1989 -1992 USA Gary Ridgway 1982 -1998 USA (California) Albert Fish 1919 -1930 1969 USA (California) Jeffrey Dahmer (Milwaukee Killer) 1978 -1991 USA 1974 -1978 USA (Florida) Robert Pickton 1980’s Canada (BC) 1976 USA (New York) Coral Eugene Watts 1974 -1982 USA 1960’s USA 1972 -1978 Name Albert De. Salvo (Boston Strangler)

Personality Disorders Maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with other people or situations Types ? ? l l l Antisocial (a. k. a. sociopath, psychopath) – shallow emotions, irresponsibility, lack of conscience, disregard of others without remorse / shame / guilt, thrill seekers Dependent – submissiveness, excessive need for care Histrionic – excessive emotions, attention seeking Obsessive-compulsive – intense interest in order, perfection, control (no anxiety – not OCD) Paranoid – suspicion of evil motives, distrust (no hallucinations – not schizophrenia) Schizotypal – intense discomfort in close relationships

Drug Addiction = ? l l Psychical dependence – overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use a drug Psychological dependence – feeling nervous and anxious without the drug

Drug Addiction Tolerance = ? l Physical adaptation to a drug so that the person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect

Drug Addiction Withdrawal = ? l l Symptoms that occur after an addicted person discontinues using the drug Nausea, the “shakes”, hallucinations, convulsions, coma, death

Drug Addiction Most serious drug problem ? ? Alcoholism 3 stages: l l l Social – reduce tension, boost self confidence, reduce social pressure Psychological dependence, tolerance + physical addiction (heavy drink, hide habit, blackouts) Compulsive drink, eating less, sick when sober, health deteriorates

Alcohol Addiction Effect of alcohol entering the bloodstream depends on weight, quantity, speed of consumption Treatment: l l Antabuse (Rx) + alcohol ->violent illness Psychotherapy

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Anxiety Disorders Excessive fear, generalized apprehension, reaction to vague or imagined dangers Types? ? l Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) l Case study: Marley

Anxiety Disorders Excessive fear, generalized apprehension, reaction to vague or imagined dangers Types? ? l Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) l l Case study: Marley Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): l l l Environmental factors, role of learning, heredity Physical symptoms – muscle tension, inability to relax, tense face Case study: Alana

Anxiety Disorders l Specific Phobia: l l Extreme fear of a specific object, person, or event Cope by avoiding the source: l l Agoraphobia – public / outdoors Claustrophobia – small / enclosed spaces Arachnophobia - spiders Panic disorder: l l Sudden unexplainable attacks of intense anxiety Breathing difficulty, faintness, dizziness, nausea, chest pains

Anxiety Disorders l Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): l l l Re-experience original trauma – nightmares or flashbacks War veterans, survivors of natural disaster / human aggression Case study: Tom, Chris

Anxiety Disorders l Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD): l l l Obsession – uncontrollable thoughts, can’t stop even if unpleasant Compulsion – repeated performance of an irrational action (coping behavior) Case study: Jason, Tricia

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Famous People Isaac Newton Bipolar John Nash Schizophrenia Beethoven Bipolar Carrie Fisher Cocaine addiction Abe Lincoln Depression Ernest Hemingway Depression Van Gogh Bipolar (suicide) Brooke Shields PPD Winston Churchill Depression John Keats Depression Virginia Woolf Bipolar Sylvia Plath Depression (suicide) Linda Hamilton Bipolar Buzz Aldrin Depression Shawn Colvin Depression Roseanne Barr Depression