UNIT 4 Arteries and Veins of the Body

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UNIT 4 Arteries and Veins of the Body • Pulmonary Circuit • Systemic Arteries of the Body (8 th edition)

What to read for Unit 4: • Chapter 19, pp. 721 -745 (8 th edition)

Pulmonary Circuit (fig. 19) • The circuit of blood vessels from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart • The right ventricle pumps blood out through the pulmonary trunk • The pulmonary trunk branches into the right and left pulmonary arteries ü the pulmonary arteries enter the lungs and branch into smaller and smaller arteries and finally into arterioles ü arterioles provide blood to the capillary networks that surround the alveoli (little air sacs) ü the capillaries that surround the alveoli pick up O 2 and get rid of CO 2 ü the capillaries merge into venules which merge into larger and larger veins until they merge into the pulmonary veins • The pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries and all systemic veins of the body are color coded blue to show that they are carrying venous “deoxygenated” blood • The pulmonary veins and all systemic arteries of the body are color coded red because they are carrying arterial “oxygenated” blood • Two pulmonary veins from each lung empty into the left atrium (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - the Aorta and Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation (fig. 19. 21) • The systemic circuit begins at the left ventricle and ends at the right atrium • The ascending aorta begins at the aortic semilunar valve of the left ventricle • The right and left coronary arteries originate at the base of the ascending aorta • The aortic arch connects the ascending aorta with the descending aorta; three elastic arteries originate along the aortic arch: ü brachiocephalic trunk - the brachiocephalic trunk branches into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery ü left common carotid artery ü left subclavian artery • The descending aorta travels posterior to the heart through the thoracic and abdominal cavities • The thoracic aorta ends at the diaphragm, where it becomes the abdominal aorta (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Head and Neck (fig. 19. 22) • There are three major branches off of each subclavian artery before they leave thoracic cavity: Ø Ø internal thoracic arteries (covered in the next section) Ø • thyrocervical trunk - supplies blood to muscles and other tissues of neck, shoulders, and upper back vertebral arteries - provide blood to the brain and spinal cord; the vertebral arteries travel through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae The common carotid arteries branch into the: Ø Ø • external carotid arteries - supply blood to the neck, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, lower jaw, and face internal carotid arteries - deliver blood to the brain; the internal carotid arteries branch off of the right and left common carotid arteries and enter the skull Arteries that Supply the Brain; the 4 blood suppliers to the brain are: Ø right internal carotid artery Ø left internal carotid artery Ø right vertebral artery Ø left vertebral artery (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Head and Neck (fig. 19. 22) • The internal carotid arteries ascend to the base of the brain and form 3 branches: Ø opthalmic arteries - supply the eyes Ø anterior cerebral arteries - supply the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain Ø middle cerebral arteries - supply the midbrain and lateral surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres • The vertebral arteries, which were branches off of the subclavian arteries, enter the cranium through the foramen magnum; the vertebral arteries supply blood to the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, pons, and cerebellum • The two vertebral arteries fuse to form the basilar artery • The basilar artery branches into the posterior cerebral arteries • The posterior communicating arteries branch off the posterior cerebral arteries (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Head and Neck (fig. 19. 22) • Circle of Willis (cerebral arterial circle) - arterial ring that encircles the pituitary gland; blood supply to the brain is crucial and this ring allows for a connection between the vertebral arteries and the internal carotid arteries The arteries that form the Circle of Willis: ü ü right and left anterior cerebral arteries ü right and left posterior communicating arteries ü • anterior communicating artery right and left posterior cerebral arteries Thus, the brain can receive blood from either internal carotid or vertebral arteries; this protects the brain's blood supply (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax (fig. 19. 23) • Arteries of the Upper Extremity Ø as the subclavian artery leaves the thoracic cavity it is called the axillary artery Ø the axillary artery becomes the brachial artery in the arm; the brachial artery supplies blood to the arm Ø the brachial artery branches into the radial artery and ulnar artery at the elbow; the radial and ulnar arteries supply blood to the forearm Ø at the wrist the radial and ulnar arteries fuse to form the superficial and deep palmar arches; the palmar arches supply blood to the hand Ø digital arteries branch off of the palmar arches and supply blood to the fingers (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax (fig. 19. 23) • Branches of the thoracic aorta: ü ü pericardial arteries - supply the pericardium ü esophageal arteries - supply the esophagus ü intercostal arteries - supply the chest muscles ü • bronchial arteries - supply blood to the non-respiratory lung tissues superior phrenic arteries - supply the superior surface of the diaphragm internal thoracic arteries - supply blood to the pericardium and anterior wall of the chest (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Abdomen (fig. 19. 24) • The abdominal aorta is continuous with the thoracic aorta and begins immediately inferior to the diaphragm; it descends slightly to the left of the vertebral column, and is posterior to the peritoneal cavity • The abdominal aorta and its branches: Ø at the level of L 4 the aorta branches into the right and left common iliac arteries Ø the common iliac arteries branch into the internal and external iliac arteries at the level of the lumbosacral joint ü internal iliac arteries - supply the urinary bladder, external genitalia, uterus, and vagina ü external iliac arteries - supply blood to the lower extremities (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Abdomen (fig. 19. 24) • There are 3 unpaired arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta Ø the celiac trunk has 3 branches: ü left gastric artery - supplies the stomach ü splenic artery - supplies the spleen, stomach, and pancreas ü common hepatic artery - supplies the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and duodenum Ø superior mesenteric artery - arises inferior to the celiac trunk; supplies arteries to the pancreas, duodenum, small intestines, and most of the large intestine Ø inferior mesenteric artery - inferior to the superior mesenteric artery; supplies blood to the terminal portions of the colon, the sigmoid colon, and rectum (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Abdomen (fig. 19. 24) • There are 5 paired arteries that arise from the abdominal aorta Ø inferior phrenic arteries - supply the inferior surface of the diaphragm Ø suprarenal arteries - supply the adrenal glands Ø renal arteries - supply the kidneys Ø gonadal arteries: ü testicular arteries in males supply blood to the testes and scrotum ü ovarian arteries in females supply blood to the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus Ø lumbar arteries - supply vertebrae, spinal cord, and abdominal wall (8 th edition)

Systemic Arteries - Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs (fig. 19. 25) • Each external iliac artery crosses the surface of the iliopsoas muscle and penetrates the abdominal wall between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine; they emerge on the medial surface of the thigh as the femoral arteries • The deep femoral artery branches off of the femoral artery - supplies deep thigh muscles • The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery behind the knee, where it branches into the posterior and anterior tibial arteries • The posterior tibial artery gives rise to the peroneal artery • The posterior tibial artery also divides to form the medial and lateral plantar arteries, which supply blood to the plantar surface of the foot • The anterior tibial artery becomes the dorsalis pedis artery, which supplies the ankle and dorsum of foot • A dorsal arch and plantar arch connect the medial and lateral plantar arteries to the dorsalis pedis artery (8 th edition)

This concludes the current lecture topic Be sure to read the next lecture topic: Systemic Veins of the Body (close the current window to exit the Power. Point and return to the Unit 4 Startpage) All text contained in this Power. Point is covered by the following Copyright: Copyright© 2009. Robert Wakefield. All rights reserved. To request permission to use materials contained on this website please send an email to Robert Wakefield at rwakefield@pima. edu (8 th edition)

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