Unit 4 A View of Mountains Jonathan Schell

Unit 4 A View of Mountains Jonathan Schell

Pre-reading Activities Watch the movie clip and answer the following questions. 1. Why did Sally Regenhard say that 9/11 was “a shattering of faith”? 2. Why did Carol Ashley think that there must be an investigation? 3. What do you know about the 9/11 attacks and what influences have the events exert? v

From On Native Soil

Policeman: Move back! Policeman: Move it! Go back! Eunice Hanson: I knew we had enemies, naturally, but I always felt pretty safe here. I never, in a million years dreamed that anything like this could happen to us. Sally Regenhard: We believed in the system and you know, 9/11 was a shattering of faith. Carol Ashley: 3000 people were killed. It was a mass murder. And there needed to be an investigation. Max Cleland: The surviving family members, nobody can deny that they had the ultimate claim to the truth about 9/11.

Warm-up Questions 1. 2. What do you think is the greatest threat to the existence of mankind? What can we do with it? What do you know about nuclear weapons? What’s your attitude towards nuclear weapons?

Atomic Bomb Atomic bomb or A-bomb is a weapon deriving its explosive force from the release of atomic energy through the fission (splitting) of heavy nuclei. The first atomic bomb was produced at a laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, and successfully tested on July 16, 1945. This was the culmination of a large U. S. army program that was part of the Manhattan Project. It began in 1940, two years after the German scientists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman discovered nuclear fission.

On Aug. 6, 1945, an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima with an estimated equivalent explosive force of 12, 500 tons of TNT, followed three days later by a second, more powerful, bomb on Nagasaki. Both bombs caused widespread death, injury, and destruction, and there is still considerable debate about the need to have used them.

Nuclear Weapon Nuclear weapons are weapons of mass destruction powered by atomic, rather than chemical, processes. Nuclear weapons produce large explosions a n d hazardous radioactive byproducts by means of either nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. After World War II, the proliferation of nuclear weapons became an increasing cause of concern throughout the world. At the end of the 20 th century, the vast majority of such weapons were held by the United States and the former Soviet Union; other countries that possess known nuclear capabilities are the Great Britain, France, China, Pakistan, and India. Israel also has

nuclear weapons but has not confirmed that fact publicly; North Korea has conducted a nuclear test explosion but probably does not have a readily deliverable nuclear weapon; and South Africa formerly had a small arsenal. Over a dozen other countries can, or soon could, make nuclear weapons.

v Effects of Nuclear Weapons v both immediate and delayed destructive effects v blast, thermal radiation, and prompt ionizing radiation (电离辐射) v radioactive fallout (辐射微尘/放射性尘降) and other environmental effects

Background Information v 1. About the author—Jonathan Schell: v He was a writer for the New Yorker from 1967 to 1987 and a columnist for Newsday from 1900 to 1996. He teaches at Wesleyan University and the New School. His works involves The Village of Ben Sue and The Fate of the Earth. His latest book The unconquerable world : power, nonviolence, and The will of The people 《不可征服的世界： 力量，非暴力和人民的意志》 This text is the epilogue (last part) from his book The Gift of Time: The Case for Abolishing Nuclear Weapons Now《时代礼物：废止核武案例》 in 1998. v

2. The two A-bomb cities v The Nagasaki (长崎) is a city which is the seaport in southwest Japan and is one of the two cities that got nuclear bombing in the War II. v The Hiroshima (广岛) is a city which is the seaport in southwest Japan and is the first city that got nuclear bombing in the War II.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki v The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were nuclear attacks near the end of World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States at the executive order of U. S. President Harry S. Truman on August 6 and 9, 1945.

Hiroshima bombing Nagasaki bombing

3. About the Photographer: Yosuke Yamahata

Special Mission v In 1945, Yosuke Yamahata was a 28 -year-old -photographer on assignment with the Western Army Corps near Nagasaki. On August 9, three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, news of a second "New-Style Bombing" was received by the Corps and Yamahata was sent immediately to photograph its aftereffects.

His photos

His photos

His photos

His photos

His photos

Nagasaki two days before the atomic bombing

Nagasaki three days after the atomic bombing

The atomic bomb mushroom cloud over Nagasaki on August 9, 1945 Photograph by Hiromichi Matsuda

Human injuries caused by the atomic bomb v Deaths: about 74000 Injuries: about 75000(estimates up to the end of December 1945) Heat rays, blast and radiation of the atomic bomb caused damage to the human body. Heat rays was tremendous and caused severe burns which couldn’t be imagined by the ordinary burn. When the symptom became serious, the patients skin turned into a running sore 脓疮 and subcutaneous （皮 下的）tissues and bones were exposed.

The shape of the atomic bomb v Plutonium 239 was used in the Nagasaki atomic bomb. It was 3. 2 m in length and 1. 5 m in diameter and 4. 5 ton in weight. It was nicknamed “Fat man” because of its shape, which is more roundish than the Hiroshima-type bomb( “a little boy”). (a full -size model of the bomb is displayed at Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum).

A post-war "Fat Man" model

A postwar "Little Boy" model

Let’s remember this… Hiroshima Time of bombing Nagasaki August 6, 1945 at 8: 15 a. m. 140, 000 (by 1945) August 9, 1945 at 11: 02 a. m. , People killed The type of uranium gun-type the A-bomb device枪式起爆铀弹 code-named "Little Boy" 80, 000 (by 1945) plutonium implosion-type device内爆式起爆钚弹 code-named "Fat Man"

Present Nagasaki

A view of mountains

A view of mountains

First Reading v Read through the passage and find out the author’s purpose of writing. v A. To reveal how Yamahata’s pictures effectively show the catastrophic consequences of the nuclear bombing. v B. To highlight the nuclear threat and call on people to rid the Earth of nuclear weaponry for a safer world. v C To argue that the bombing of Nagasaki is the fitter symbol of the nuclear threat than B that of Hiroshima.

Second Reading v Para 1 Detailed description of the scene v Para 2 Nagasaki, fitter symbol of the nuclear danger v Para 3 Actions more important v Para 4 Performing the act -- the greatest responsibility of the generation

Text Structure This argumentative essay comprises three parts. In the first part, i. e. Paragraph 1, the writer puts forward his thesis: a view of mountains in the background suggests the real extent to which the city was destroyed by the atomic bombing In the second part, Paragraphs 2 -3 the author argues that the bombing of Nagasaki is more representative of the nuclear peril threatening the world than that of Hiroshima and that we need to take actions to dispel nuclear threat from the Earth. In the last part, i. e. Paragraph 4, he restates his main idea, i. e. we should not just worry about the nuclear peril but take the actions to eliminate it to create a safer world.

Language Analysis dispatch: vt. (1)send off to a destination e. g. A messenger was dispatched to take the news to the soldiers at the front. 一名通讯员被派去给前线士兵送消息。 e. g. The government was preparing to dispatch 2000 soldiers to search the island. (2) infml to finish (esp. food) quickly e. g. we soon dispatched the chocolate cake. 我们很快就吃完了巧克力蛋糕。 n. a message carried by a government official, or sent to a newspaper by one of its writers. e. g. To send / carry a dispatch from Rome to London 从罗马向伦敦发电讯稿；把急件从罗马送到伦敦

Dispatch / despatch v dispatch a messenger 派遣使者 v dispatch a telegram 拍电报 v dispatch a business 速办公务 v dispatch a criminal 处决罪犯 v with dispatch: (formal) if you do something with dispatch, you do it well and quickly.

constitute : compose, form e. g. Fifty states constitute the USA. Compare: compose: 组成部分+整体 England, Scotland, and Wales compose the island of Great Britain. Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. constitute: 组成部分+整体（有时构成一种同等关系） England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern constitute the Unites Kingdom. This constitutes a real problem. (=This is a real problem. ) comprise: 整体+组成部分 或 组成部分+整体 The committee comprises ten persons. Eighteen departments comprise the famous university. consist (vi. ): 整体+组成部分 Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v v “it was therefore left to Yamahata to record, methodically--- and, as it happens, with a great and simple artistry– the effects…” The responsibility was therefore placed on Yamahata’s shoulders to record the effects systematically and timely with a great and simple artistry. methodically：adv. systematically 有系统地， 有方法地 artistry: the creative skill of an artist, writer, actor or musician 艺术之性质

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v char: v. make or become black by burning 烧焦 v e. g. Halve the peppers and char the skins under a hot grill. v 将甜椒剖成两半，在滚热的烤架上烤至 外壳微焦。

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v v v v They have been burned by light – technically speaking, by the “thermal pulse”- and their bodies are often branded with the patterns of their clothes, whose colors absorb light in different degrees. technically speaking: 从技术角度来说 thermal means relating to or caused by heat or by changes in temperature. adj. 热的, 热量的 thermal pulse: 热脉 brand: v. label or mark with or as if with a brand 打火印 烙印 e. g. They branded the cattle one by one. e. g. The US administration recently branded him as a war criminal.

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v Whole Sentence: v Technically speaking, they have been burned by thermal pulse – a kind of light. Therefore, on their bodies, you can often see the patterns of their clothes, because different colors of the patterns absorb different amount of light.

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v v v twist v. e. g. She twisted her hair into a bun and pinned it at the back of her head. 扭; 拧; 搓; 捻 e. g. She twisted her head sideways and looked towards the door. 扭动，转动(身体部位) e. g. He fell and twisted his ankle. 扭伤(脚踝、手腕等) e. g. She twisted the handle and opened the door. (用手)旋动，拧转 e. g. It's a shame the way that the media can twist your words and misrepresent you. 歪曲; 曲解

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v twist n. v e. g. A thin twist of smoke curled from the cottage's single chimney. v 螺旋形; 卷曲; 盘曲 v e. g. the twists and turns of economic policy v 意外转折; 重大转机 v e. g. By a curious twist of fate, cricket was also my favourite sport. v 机缘巧合; 造物弄人

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v v v 1. A heap of things is a pile of them, especially a pile arranged in a rather untidy way. 堆 e. g. a heap of bricks 2. Heaps of something or a heap of something is a large quantity of it. (INFORMAL)大量 e. g. You have heaps of time. . . e. g. I got in a heap of trouble. be struck/ knocked all of a heap to be very surprised or confused. 被惊呆，慌作一团

a heap/pile/mass of (books) v a heap of books a pile of books a heap of books a mass of books

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v v v hang over v. 挂在. . . 上 e. g. A constant threat of unemployment hangs over thousands of university researchers. 逼近; 威胁; 使忧心忡忡 ledge: a narrow horizontal surface projecting from a wall etc. 壁架：一种水平的凸出物， 在墙上形成一个狭窄的搁板 ditch n. 沟, 沟渠, 壕沟

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v“ A third shows a girl who has somehow survived unwounded standing in the open mouth of a bomb shelter and smiling an unearthly smile, shocking us with the sight of ordinary life, which otherwise seems to have been left behind for good in the scenes we are witnessing. ”

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v v v v somehow: adv. In a way not specified, understood, or known 以某种方式；以某种不 特定，不理解或不知道的方式 bomb shelter: 防空洞 unearthly: adj. frightening, ghostly, mysterious, supernatural, 非尘世的，神秘的, 怪异的 e. g. The unearthly screams from the building woke up the people. for good: permanently, finally 永久地 e. g. He says that he’s leaving the country for good. witness: see, hear, or know by personal presence and perception

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v Whole Sentence: v The third photo is a girl who does not die and does not get hurt. How she survived we do not know. She stands in the open mouth of a bomb shelter and she smiles queerly. Her smile shocks us and reminds us of a peaceful and ordinary life in the place here she stands if without such an atomic bomb.

Wounded horse and a queer girl

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v “stretching into the distance on all sides are fields of rubble dotted with fires, and, in the back ground, a view of mountains. ” v dot: cover or sprinkle with or as if with dots. 点缀用或用点布满。 v e. g. We have offices dotted all over the region. 这个地区到处都是办公室。 v e. g. The lake was dotted with sailboats. 湖里帆船点点。

Part Ⅰ (Para 1) v “That absence, even more than wreckage, contains the heart of the matter. ” v that vanished city rather than its remains represents the true measure of the event.

wreckage n. the remaining parts of something that has been wrecked e. g. They searched the wreckage for signs of survivors. wreck n. (1) something or someone that has suffered ruin (2) an accident (usually involving one or more vehicles ) v. (1) smash or break forcefully (2) suffer from an accident

经典考题 Mrs. Lackey was awoken by the ringing of the bedside phone 12 hours after husband’s boat had been ____. A) wrecked B) collapsed C) decayed D) fired A. Mrs. Lackey床边的电话响了，把她从睡梦 中惊醒，那时在她丈夫失事12小时后。 collapse “倒塌，崩溃” decay “腐烂，衰退”

Analysis (Part Ⅰ) v v Why does the author think that Yamahata’s pictures compose the fullest record of nuclear destruction in existence? Because there were few pictures of the immediate destructive consequences of the first atomc bomb on Hiroshima. In contrast, Yamahata’s photos are a systematic and timely record of the effects of the second bomb on Nagasaki.

Analysis (Part Ⅰ) v Why does the author particularly mention “a view of mountains” in one of the pictures? v The view of mountains reminds one of what has disappeared from the scene of the bombing. It is the vanished city rather than the wreckage that the significance of the event lies in.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v in a flash: instantly, at once v e. g. Her hair turned into white in a flash because of worry. v Similar phrases as “in a flash” : v in a split second; in a second; v in a blink; in a flash; in a wink; v in a moment; in an instant; in a minute

come into one’s own to show one’s true worth or abilities; acquire, enter into possession of; to become very good, useful, or important in a particular situation • His study has not yet come into its own. • 他的研究仍然没有得到应有的承认。 • He wrote successful novels before, but he really come into his own with the latest one. • 他从前写过一些成功的小说，但在最近的一 部中他才真正充分发挥了自己的特长。

v stumble v v. walk unsteadily / miss a step and fall or nearly fall / stagger v e. g. In her hurry she stumbled and spilled the milk all over the floor. v e. g. He stumbled upstairs and into bed. stumble on / over 绊在某物上 stumble at / over a word 说话结结巴巴 stumble across 偶然遇到，碰巧找到

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v v “Nagasaki has always been in the shadow of Hiroshima, as if the human imagination had stumbled to exhaustion in the wreckage of the first ruined city without reaching even the outskirts of the second. ” Nagasaki is less known than Hiroshima, as if the human imagination had been exhausted and stopped at the wreckage of the first ruined city and failed to reach even the outskirts of Nagasaki.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v v v “yet the bombing of Nagasaki is in certain respects the fitter symbol of the nuclear danger that still hangs over us. ” In certain respective, the bombing of Nagasaki properly represents the nuclear danger that threatens us. in certain respects: with regard to some aspects. 在某些方面 hang over: threaten, menace e. g. An economic crisis was hanging over the capitalist world. e. g. The threat of war hung over Europe for 21 years.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v unpredictable: adj. difficult to foretell or foresee v open-ended: adj. Not restrained by definite limits, restrictions, or structure; allowing for or adaptable to change 无限 制的，没有明确限度、规或框架限制的， 可以随意更改的。 v e. g. Film-makers like open-ended scenario because they provide possibility to produce sequels.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v spare: v. refrain from harming, punishing or killing 饶恕，赦免，不伤害 v e. g. It will spare him embarrassment if you speak to him about it in private. v e. g. Spare us the suspense and tell us who won the first prize. v spare no expense / effort to do something 不惜代价

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v v “The unpredictable, open-ended character of the series is suggested by the fact that the second bomb originally was to be dropped on the city of Kokura, which was spared Nagasaki’s fate only because bad weather protected it from view. ” The second bomb was originally planned to be dropped on Kokura instead of Nagasaki. But because of its bad weather which made the city out of sight from the sky, American authority changed their plan to drop the bomb on Nagasaki, which indicated the unpredictability and open-ended character of the nuclear war.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v v v v not so much A as B: 与其说A不如说B e. g. The knight is not so much brave as reckless. 那位武士与其说是英勇，还不如说是有勇 无谋。 e. g. He is not so much a writer as a scholar. 与其说他是作家倒不如说他是学者。 e. g. The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. 与其说是海洋分割这个世界，不如说是统 一这个世界。

He had not so much as his fare home. 他甚至连回家的车费都没有。 He did not so much as thank me. 他甚至都没谢我。 How is it possible to expect mankind to take advice when they will not so much as take warning? 人类既然连警告都无意接受，又怎可能期 望他们接受劝告？

“Each picture therefore seemed not so much an image of something that happened a half-century ago as a window…” Each picture seemed not an image of something that happened a century ago but a window that was fixed into the wall of the photography center showing what could easily happen to NY soon.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v intact: entire, unimpaired 完整无缺的， 未经触动的，未受损伤的。 v e. g. He lived on the interest and kept his capital intact. v e. g. Despite his misfortunes, his faith and optimism remained intact. v …他的信心和乐观丝毫未减.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v v v v a glimpse of: a quick look at someone or something that does not allow you to see them clearly e. g. They caught a glimpse of a dark green car. brief / fleeting / quick glimpse (=a very short look) e. g. We only had a fleeting (quick) glimpse of the river. a short experience of something that helps you begin to understand it glimpse of / into / at e. g. a glimpse of his life

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v “Yamahata’s pictures afford a glimpse of the end of the world” v Yamahata’s pictures show us a part of the end of the world.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v apprehend: v. expect with anxiety, suspicion, or dear 忧虑，恐惧 v e. g. Do you apprehend any difficulty? v v. if the police apprehend a criminal, they catch him or her =arrest v v. to understand something v e. g. They were slow to apprehend the danger. v apprehension / apprehensive

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v peril: n. great danger, especially of being harmed or killed v e. g. They put their own lives in peril to rescue their friends. v e. g. The refugees were in peril of death from hunger. v at one’s peril (若有…)咎由自取 v e. g. You can do it at your peril. v peril one's life 冒生命的危险

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v dispel: cause to vanish 驱散，驱逐， 使消散。 v e. g. I’d like to start the speech by dispelling a few rumors that have been spreading recently.

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v v v v once and for all: now and for the last or only time 这是最后一次或唯一的一次，只 此一次，绝不在重复，断然。 e. g. Stop calling me once and for all. e. g. Let’s try to solve this problem once and for all. 让我们设法一劳永逸的解决这个问题。 (just) for once for this one time only e. g. For once he was telling the truth. 他就这一回说了真话。

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v counterpoise: constitute a counterweight or counterbalance to 平 衡，均衡 v counter- : 反对，逆，对付 v counteract 抵消 v counterclaim 反诉 v counterclockwise 逆时针 v counterpart 互相对应的人或物

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v “Yet in our day, when the challenge is not just to apprehend the nuclear peril but to seize a God-given opportunity to dispel it once and for all, we seem to need, in addition, some other picture to counterpoise against ruined Nagasaki. ”

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v v The whole sentence: But one day, when the challenge is not just to expect that there is possible danger from nuclear but to seize a Godgiven opportunity to drive the danger away now and for the last time, we seem to need some other picture apart from the pictures of Nagasaki to inspire in us a hope of life to counterbalance the sense of doom suggested by the ruined Nagasaki. 但是今日，挑战不在于知道和武器的危险，而在于 抓住上帝赋予的机会永远消除核武器的威胁，而且， 我们需要更多的照片激起我们对生活的希望，来抗 衡毁灭的长崎所带给我们世界末日的感觉。

Part Ⅱ (Para 2 -3) v continuation: n. the act or an instance of continuing; the process of being continued. 继续

Analysis (Part Ⅱ) v Why is the meaning of Yamahata’s pictures universal? v Because they express an apprehension of the nuclear peril that hangs over us. What happened to Nagasaki could happen to any other city in the world.

Analysis (Part Ⅱ) v Why has Nagasaki always been in the shadow of Hiroshima? v Because Hiroshima was the city on which the first atomic bomb was dropped and it has drawn almost all the attention of the world. By contrast, Nagasaki has nearly been forgotten as an atomically devastated city.

Analysis (Part Ⅱ) v What should we do in addition to apprehending the nuclear peril? v In addition to apprehending the nuclear peril, we should try to dispel it completely from the Earth. This is more significant challenge.

Part Ⅲ Para 4 v v v “Now, they can come into existence only if, through an act of faith and collective will, we ensure their right to exist. ” Now, they can exist only if, through an act of faith and collective will, we guarantee a safe living environment for them. 现在，只有通过信任和集体意志我们才能保证他 们存在的权利，他们才可以存在。 ensure: make sth. certain to happen e. g. The role of the police is to ensure that the law is obeyed.

Rhetorical Features “A but B” structure v The photographs display the fate of a single city, but their meaning is universal. (Para. 2) v The true measure of the event lies not in what remains but in all that has disappeared. (Para. 1) v “A yet B” structure v Yamahata’s pictures afford a glimpse of the end of the world. Yet in our day… (Para. 3) v

v Here is a sentence that organizes the information in a similar way without the use of the conjunction but or yet v Arriving a half-century late, they are all news.

• By admitting something is correct first then saying something else is even more correct, or admitting something is urgent first and then saying something else is more urgent with the help of the above-mentioned sentence structures, the author succeeds in making his sentences well balanced and his argumentation forceful and convincing.

Grammar v 1. The present tense referring to the past or the future Simple present referring to the past Occasionally the simple present can be used to describe something that happened in the past. This use of the simple present is usually found with “communication verbs” such as tell, say, hear, learn, write to express the present effect of information received in the past, e. g. : Alice tells me you’re entering college next year. I hear poor old Mrs. Smith has lost her son.

Grammar v 1. The present tense referring to the past or the future Simple present referring to the past Simple present is also used as a device of story-telling and news reporting to create an effect of immediacy and add vividness to the description. This use of the simple present to refer to the past is what we call “historic present”, e. g. : I was just dozing off in front of the television when my wife rushes in shouting that the kitchen is on fire.

Grammar v 2. The present tense referring to the past or the future Simple present referring to the future The simple present can also be used to denote future time. ① to represent a FUTURE AS FACT, either because they are determined in advance by calendar or timetable, e. g. : Tomorrow is Friday. Next New Year’s Eve falls on Monday. ② when there is a temporal adverbial in the clause, and the aspect of the future is regarded as unchangeable, e. g. : The train arrives at 8. 00 this evening. There’s a good concert on next week.

Grammar v 2. The present tense referring to the past or the future Simple present referring to the future ③ to signify A PLAN OR ARRANGEMENT regarded as unalterable, e. g. : We set off for the East Lake this afternoon. ④ in conditional and temporal clauses introduced by if, unless, after, before, as soon as, when, etc. , e. g. : He will do it if you pay him. I will let you know as soon as he arrives. ⑤ in some subclauses including the that-clause following I hope, I bet, etc. ; the that-clause following such constructions as see to it, make sure, make certain, e. g. : I hope you have a good time. I bet it rains tomorrow. I’ll see ( to it ) / make sure / make certain (that) you don’t get lost.

Practice 1. 2. 3. am The doctor said that I _____ a little overweight. (be) happen I _______ to drop in on her once and you make such an issue of it. (happen) is If it ____ fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside. (be)

Grammar v v v v v Comparison There are three degrees of comparison: A. higher e. g. (a) Ann is politer than Michael. (comparative) (b) Ann is the politest child in the family. (superlative) B. same e. g. Ann is as polite as Michael. C. lower e. g. (a) Ann is less polite than Michael. (comparative) (b) Ann is the least polite child in the family. (superlative)

Practice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. B Bob never does his homework ___ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes. A. so careful as B. as carefully as C. carefully as D. as careful as Now air in our town is ___ than it used to be. Something must be D done to it. A. very good B. much better C. rather than D. even worse D I feel ___ better than yesterday. A. more B. very C. the D. far D China has a large population than ____ in the world. A. all the countries B. every country C. any country D. any other country B This book is ____ on the subject. A. the much best B. much the best C. very much best D. very the best A The sick boy is getting ____ day by day. A. worse B. bad C. badly D. worst

Translation v 他们的牛都打上了字母C的烙印。（ be branded with） v Their cattle were branded with the letter C. v Practice: 印有公司标志的背包很畅销。 v The bags (that are) branded with the corporate logo sell like hot cake.

Translation v 本赛季Brooks真正发挥了一个得分 手（goal scorer）的作用。 （come into one’s own） v In this season Brooks has really come into his own as a goal scorer.

Translation v 一场经济危机正在威胁着那个国家。（ hang over） v An economic crisis is hanging over that country. v Practice: 地震过后，成百上千的家庭面 临无家可归的威胁。 v After the earthquake, the threat of homelessness hangs over hundreds of families.

Translation v 他是真正发号施令的人物，但他总是 躲在幕后。（in the background） v He is the man who really gives the order, but he always remains in the background. v Practice: 他呆在幕后为了避开公众的 注意。 v He stayed in the background to escape from the public attention.

Translation v 派出信使后，我们所能做的就只有 等待了。 （dispatch） v After dispatching the messenger, what is left for us to do is nothing but to wait.

Translation v 你只要一叫，他马上就到。（in a flash） v You just have to call and he’s here in a flash. v Practice: 时光飞逝，转眼他已经长 大了。 v Time flies. In a flash, he has already grown up.

Translation v 他们在战争的阴霾下整整生活了17年。 （in the shadow of ） v They have lived in the shadow of war for altogether seventeen years. v Practice: 他这个总统一直生活在前任的 阴影当中。 v He is a president living in the shadow of his predecessor.

Translation v 这些是现存的最后7头东北虎，如果 人类不加以保护的话，这一种群的老 虎将濒临灭亡。 （in existence） v These are the last seven Northeast Tigers in existence. If human beings failed to protect them, the tigers of this species would face extinction / become extinct.

Topic: No more hibakushas Oral Activities Suggested points: 1) I was shocked and frightened. I hope that there will be no place for nuclear weapons or nuclear waste being used for weapons on this planet. 2) This is outrageous. So many innocent people and families suffered such an enormous loss. There is no excuse for “Ever” using such a weapon against any human being. 3) It is not possible to describe what I saw. We do not allow people in coming generations to continue to suffer from the effect of radiation.

Topic: How can we eliminate weapons of mass destruction (WMD)? Suggested points: 1) International conventions and treaties should be agreed on and made to limit the spread of weapons of mass destruction internationally. One of such treaties is the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) of the 1970. 2) Nations should work through coordination and communication toward global disarmament, including the creation of a WMD-free zone in Middle East. 3) In particular, more attention should be paid to the protection of civilians and to the humanitarian impact of improvised explosive devices.

Writing Topic: Measures to dispel threats from nuclear as well as chemical and biological weapons. Essay writing: An introduction Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words and a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all sentences short, or avoid all detail and treat the subject only in outline, or even use a style entirely free of verbal ornament — but that every word tell.

Many expressions in common use violate this principle: the question as to whether (the question whether) there is no doubt that no doubt (doubtless) used for fuel purposes used as fuel he is a man who he in a hasty manner hastily on a daily basis every day this is a subject which this subject His story is a strange one. His story is strange. A common violation of conciseness is the presentation of a single complex idea, step by step, in a series of sentences which might with advantage be combined into one.

Macbeth was very ambitious. This led him to wish to become king of Scotland. The witches told him that this wish of his would come true. The king of Scotland at this time was Duncan. Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth murdered Duncan. He was thus enabled to succeed Duncan as king. (55 words. ) Encouraged by his wife, Macbeth achieved his ambition and brought about the prediction of the witches by murdering Duncan and becoming king of Scotland in his place. (27 words. )

Writing Practice/Task Write a composition on the topic: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Technology has made the world a better place to live. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. Sample Nowadays, we are in an age of technological revolutions. With the advances in technology, human lives have changed dramatically. In some ways, life is worse, but mostly, it is better. So personally speaking, I am, and probably will always be, one of those who agree with the idea that technology has made the world

extremely cold or hot weather any more. Whatever vegetable or fruit we want to eat, we can always find it in a supermarket without worrying about the season. We can also go to work in a place far away from our homes by using automobiles or public transportation tools. In addition, technology provides us with many choices to spend our spare time. Listening to music by using an MP 3, surfing the internet or watching digital movies, all of these entertainments make our life wonderful. Admittedly, technological advances also caused such unpleasant effects as pollution of automobile exhaust, and noise of transport vehicles. But as people have

realized those problems and are trying to find ways to solve them, on the whole, I believe that technology has made the world a better place to live.

Discussion Topic : War and Science Warfare and science have been inextricably linked throughout the history of human existence. Particularly from World War I and on, scientific developments have been utilized by militaries and militant groups to maim and kill on a massive scale. Without the research and work of the world’s leading scientists, nuclear weapons never would have come into existence. Military funding of scientific research has also led to a variety of other major developments, from radar (Woodruff) to computers

(Brown) to heat-seeking missiles (Brennan Torpedo). Today, the strong link between science and warfare continues throughout the world. Have a discussion on the question: Is science a servant or a part of the war system? Science is linked with the war system in several ways: by research funding, the direction of technological change, the criteria for important scientific problems and the structure of the scientific community. One way to look at this is as an orientation of science to serve the war system. In this view, science is a servant equally capable of serving other ends.

Another view is that science by its nature is more a part of the war system: by the nature of current scientific knowledge, by the nature of the practice of scientific research, and by the nature of the structure of the scientific community. Before considering which of these views is more useful, it is important to ask, what is the war system?