UNIT 13 WORLD WAR TWO Unit 13 IB

UNIT 13 WORLD WAR TWO Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 1

World War Two Timeline • 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. • 1936: Germany sent troops into the Rhineland. • 1938: The Munich agreement. • 1939: World War Two begins. • 1940: The Battle of Britain. German blitzkrieg. • 1941: Pearl Harbor. Operation Barbarossa. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 2

World War Two Timeline • 1942: Dieppe. Stalingrad. Mass murder of Jews began. • 1943: Germans are defeated at Stalingrad. • 1944: D-Day. U. S. bombs Okinawa and Iwo Jima. • 1945: Germany surrendered. Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The United Nations is founded. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 3

13. 1 Appeasement Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 4

What is Appeasement? • Prevent aggressors from starting wars. • Agree to those demands which seem reasonable. • Chamberlain used this policy with Hitler in 1938. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 5

How was Hitler Appeased? • • He violated the Treaty of Versailles. 1933: Germany began to rearm. Reparations payments cease. 1935: Anglo-German Naval agreement. • 1936: Troops marched into the Rhineland. • 1938: Unit. Anschluss -with Austria. 6 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid

Why did Chamberlain Follow the policy of “Appeasement? ” • Appeasement would allow time to rearm. • Hitler would defend against Russian Communism. • People wanted peace. • Britain could not fight Germany alone. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 7

Why Appeasement? • Versailles had been too harsh. • The League of Nations still existed. • Neville Chamberlain misjudged Hitler. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 8

Results of Appeasement • Britain was discredited. • Millions of people came under Nazi rule. • Appeasement encouraged Hitler’s territorial ambitions. • Contributed to the signing of the Nazi. Soviet Pact. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 9

13. 2 Long-Term Causes of the Second World War Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 10

The Treaty of Versailles • • Land taken from Germany. Reparations. The War Guilt clause (Article 231). Germany was desperate for revenge. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 11

The Failures of the League • Failed to stop aggressive moves in the inter-war period. • Manchuria and Abyssinia. • The League did not deter Hitler or Mussolini. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 12

The Impact of the Depression • International loans were called in. • Unemployment and poverty spread rapidly. • Democracies seemed helpless. • Contributed to the rise of aggressive dictators. • The Depression resulted in appeasement. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 13

Hitler’s Ambitions • Hitler would regain the territory lost at Versailles. • Lebensraum for his master race. • Destroy communism. • Massive rearmament campaigns under Hitler. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 14

Appeasement • Hitler regarded Britain as spineless. • The USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact. • The Munich Agreement was signed. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 15

The Nazi-Soviet Pact • A two-front war was avoided. • Hitler believed the pact would force Britain to back down over Poland. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 16

13. 3 Immediate Causes of WWII (1938 -1939) Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 17

Timeline of 1938 • September 28: The Munich Agreement is signed. • December 1: Britain sets up a “National Register. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 18

Timeline of 1939 • January 2: RAF produces 400 planes a month. • February 15: Defense spending set at 580 million pounds a year. • March 15: Hitler invades Czechoslovakia. • April 25: Parliament votes to spend 1 322 million pounds on defense. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 19

Timeline of 1939 • May 1: The Military Training Act introduces conscription in Britain. • May 22: Pact of Steel. • August 23: The Nazi-Soviet Pact is signed. • September 1: Hitler invades Poland. • September 3: Britain declares war on Germany. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 20

German Rearmament • By March 1935 the Luftwaffe had 2500 planes. • Germany’s army numbered 300, 000 men. • Hitler publicly announced compulsory military conscription. • France and Britain did not respond. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 21

Navy • 1935: Anglo-German Naval Agreement. • Allowed Germany 1/3 the tonnage of the Royal Navy. • Equal tonnage of submarines. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 22

Rhineland • March 1936: 32 000 German soldiers entered the Rhineland. • France did not respond. • He was confident to look toward land in the East. • Germany benefited from the industry rich Rhineland. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 23

Anschluss with Austria • German forces entered Vienna on March 15, 1938. • Britain and France verbally protested. • 100 000 troops were added to the German army. • Germany gained control of Austrian resources. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 24

Czechoslovakia • The German population lived in the Sudetenland. • Hitler planned to invade Czechoslovakia in 1938. • Germany, Britain, France and Italy met in Munich. • The Sudetenland is given to Germany. • Britain warns Germany that Poland will be protected. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 25

13. 4 The Nature of Warfare Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 26

The Nature of the Second World War • Civilian Casualties are very high. • Ideological Conflict: fascism versus democracy. • Total War: everywhere is a battlefield. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 27

Tactics of the Second World War • Blockade. • Blitzkrieg or ‘Lightning War. ’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 28

Technology • Radar: gave the British great advantage. • Tanks: German tanks were small and fast. • Aircraft: bombing was a major strategy of the war. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 29

Technology • Medicine: prevented infections. • Code Breaking: British were able to crack the German enigma. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 30

13. 5 Russia Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 31

Operation Barbarossa • A Blitzkrieg style invasion was planned for Russia. • Russia was heavily unprepared. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 32

Hitler’s Views • Hitler’s racial prejudices. • Russia had oil reserves and wheat. • Control of Russia was basic to the Nazi program. • Russia was communist. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 33

Stalin’s Views • Nazi-Soviet Non-aggression pact. • Hitler was bogged down in the West and South. • A British ploy to pull Russia into a war with Germany. • Blitzkrieg made no sense against such a large nation. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 34

The Battle of Stalingrad • German military methods were studied. • Battle of Attrition would undermine Blitzkrieg. • German army at Stalingrad become trapped. • 90% of German casualties came on the Eastern Front. • Russia had successfully undermined the Blitzkrieg. Unit 13 IB History 35 • The turning. Mc. Quaidof Europe the Eastern Front. point of -

Why were the Germans Defeated? • Hitler underestimated Soviet forces and equipment. • The winter of 1941 -42 was brutal. • Supply problems. • Inadequate Soviet roads. • Retreating Russians used a “scorched earth policy. ” Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 36

13. 6 The Pacific Theatre Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 37

Pearl Harbor • The Americans would be an easy target. • A devastating attack would leave Japan a free hand in the Pacific. • The Japanese missed the most crucial targets. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 38

Pearl Harbor • The U. S. joined in the fight against the Axis Powers. • World War Two was now an international war. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 39

Okinawa • Part of a three-point American plan. • Japanese forces were to hold the island at all costs. • The U. S. would destroy the remainder of Japan’s merchant fleet. • There were four airfields on the island. • On July 2, 1945 Okinawa was declared secure by the Americans with heavy casualties on both sides. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 40

Iwo Jima • The tiny island had two airfields. • Japanese soldiers had strong defensive positions. • Iwo Jima was “softened up” by bombing raids. • The Marines took heavy casualties. • Japanese determination would influence the use of the atomic bombs. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 41

Factors in the Decision to Drop the Bomb • An invasion of Japan would be avoided. • The U. S. S. R. was set to enter the Pacific War. • The bomb had cost over two billion dollars. • Millions of Japanese lives would be saved. Unit 13 IB History of Europe 42 Mc. Quaid • Only three bombs had been produced.

Why were the Japanese so successful at the start of the war? • The Japanese had developed modern battle tactics. • The Bushido belief. • Japanese soldiers were trained to live off the land. • Japanese troops were supported by the locals. • America’s military was not yet fully deployed. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 43

Why did Japan eventually lose the Pacific War? • The U. S. overwhelmed Japan with her manpower and ability to produce war goods. • Japanese factories were heavily bombed. • Pearl Harbor made great propaganda. • Shipments from mainland Asia to Japan were sunk. • 104 000 tons of bombs were dropped on Japan. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 44

13. 7 The Holocaust Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 45

Timeline of the Holocaust • 1939: Jews must turn in radios and wear yellow stars of David. • 1940: Jews are forced into ghettos. Nazis begin deporting Jews to Poland. • 1942: Jews are forbidden to use public transportation or attend school. Nazi officials discuss the 'Final Solution. ’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 46

Timeline of the Holocaust • 1943: 80 to 85 percent of the Jews to die have already been murdered. • 1944: Hitler began deporting 12, 000 Hungarian Jews each day to Auschwitz. • 1945: World War II ends in Europe. The death camps are emptied. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 47

Timeline of the Holocaust • 1946: Nuremburg Trials. • 1947: A Jewish homeland becomes the State of Israel in 1948. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 48

Possible Causes of the Holocaust • Hitler’s personal vendetta. • Hitler may have been mentally ill. • Jews were prominent within the Communist party. • Jews had ‘stabbed Germany in the back. ’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 49

Stage One: Denial of Rights (1933 -1938) • 1933: Jews lose the right to be German citizens. • 1935: The Nuremburg Laws enforce segregation. • 1938: All Jewish personal property was confiscated. • 1933 -39: Government propaganda against the Jews. • 1933 -39: Jewish schoolchildren are humiliated. • By 1938, over 25% of the Jews in Germany had left. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 50

Stage Two: Acceleration of Persecution (1938 -1941) • Expulsion and Gettoization. • As Nazi territory expanded, so did the number of Jews. • Ghettos. • Kristallnacht. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 51

Stage Three: The Holocaust (1941 -1945) • The Einsatzgruppe. • The Wannsee Conference. • The ‘Final Solution. ’ Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 52

Nuremburg Trials • Those responsible needed to be brought to trial. • Nuremburg sets a precedent in human rights. • 22 high ranking Nazi officers were charged. • 19 defendants were convicted. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 53

How Could the Holocaust Happen? • Well established anti-Semitism existed. • There was always the fear that you will be next. • All people were implicated in some way. • The Allies must accept some blame. • Hitler knew nothing of the violence. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 54

13. 8 Historiography of Adolf Hitler Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 55

Hitler on Hitler • Mein Kampf. • Written to create a myth rather than describe his life. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 56

The Journalists’ Hitler • Journalists of the 1920’s and 1930’s. • Nazis were brutal thugs. • Most journalists went into exile after 1933. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 57

The 1950’s • Hitler genuinely believed in his cause. • Hitler was ‘great in action’, outmaneuvered opponents. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 58

The ‘Hitler-Wave’ of the 1960’s • Without Hitler, there almost certainly would never have been a Third Reich. • An example of ‘the power of personality’ in history. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 59

The 1970’s • Began to use objective terminology. • Psycho-historians suggested Hitler was psychotic. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 60

Debates of the 1980’s and 1990’s • Hitler was a product of his environment. • He would have gotten nowhere at any other time or place. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 61

Historiography of the Holocaust • Functionalists refute the contention that Adolf Hitler was the sole initiator of the Holocaust. • Nazi policy emerged due to competition between groups. • The functionalist view is generally accepted by most academic historians. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 62

13. 9 Wartime Conferences Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 63

Tehran • November 28 to December 1, 1943. • ‘Big-Three’ (Stalin, Churchill and FD Roosevelt). • Decide the direction of World War Two in Europe. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 64

Issues Discussed at Tehran • The second front was discussed. • Entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan. • The possible creation of an international organization after the war. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 65

Yalta • February 3, 1945. • The defeat of Nazi Germany was imminent. • Churchill saw a democratic Europe headed by Britain. • Stalin wanted an increase in Soviet power and safeguards against further attacks. • Roosevelt saw a world democracy headed by the U. S. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 66

Decisions at Yalta • Germany would be divided into zones of occupation. • Stalin agreed to “free elections” in Poland. • The Soviet frontier would advance westwards. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 67

Decisions at Yalta • The USSR agreed to enter the war against Japan. • Trials would be set for leading war criminals. • A meeting would be held to establish the UN. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 68

Potsdam • July 16 – August 2, 1945 to decide on the structure of post-war Europe. • Truman (United States) and Atlee (Great Britain). • All Truman would say at Potsdam was that America had a weapon of awesome power. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 69

The U. S. S. R. • Stalin wanted security from future attack by creating a buffer zone of friendly countries. • Stalin demanded that Germany make reparations to help Russia rebuild. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 70

The United States • Bargaining power was strengthened by money and the recently tested atomic bomb. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 71

Britain • England was bankrupt. • Many colonies claimed independence. • British were concerned about a Soviet presence in Eastern Europe. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 72

Decisions at Potsdam • The USSR would begin collecting reparations from its zone of occupation. • The allies agreed to divide Berlin into four sectors. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 73

13. 10 The United Nations Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 74

The Atlantic Charter • All countries should have a democratic government. • Countries would trade freely with one another. • All countries would share in world prosperity. • Weaponry would be reduced. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 75

The Structure of the United Nations • • • The General Assembly. The Security Council. The Economic and Social Council. The International Court of Justice. The Secretariat. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 76

Agencies • World Health Organization (WHO). • International Labour Organization (ILO). • UNESCO. • International Atomic Energy Authority. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 77

Other Effects of WWII • United States and the USSR emerge as superpowers. • Decolonization gained momentum. • Communism spread rapidly. • United Nations and the European Economic Community are developed. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 78

Other Effects of WWII • Fascism was discredited. • War was condemned as morally wrong. • The introduction of the Nuclear Age. Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 79

Unit 13 IB History of Europe Mc. Quaid 80