Unit 1 Introduction to Forensics WHAT IS

Unit 1: Introduction to Forensics

WHAT IS FORENSIC SCIENCE? . l l The word forensic is based on a Latin word meaning "pertaining to law. " Forensic science is the application of science to law. In its broadest sense, forensic science becomes part of almost every law. If a can of soda is labeled caffeine free and 12 fl oz, this is a legal claim, which is controlled by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA can check if the beverage manufacturer is following the law by having its scientists measure the caffeine content and volume.

Questions l 1. what color coffee mug was in the picture l 2. When was the deadline? l 3. What time was the clock on the wall set? l 4. How many sticky notes were on the whiteboard? l 5. What color was the victims t shirt

l 6. Which of the following was not in the picture? A. stapler B. trash can c. pen l D. printer l 7. What was the name on the plaque on the desk? l 8. How many plants were in the picture. l 9. Where was the book in the picture? l 10. What was on the floor?

Answers l 1. yellow l 2. today l 3. 11: 05 l 4. 7 l 5. blue l 6. stapler l 7. brian castillo l 8. 2 9. on box on right 10. backpack

l http: //forensics. rice. edu/html/obser vation. html#

Part 1 Eyewitness Memory

“I know that face!” Face-recognition rates are usually around 90% Wow! That’s extremely high! No, this 90% accuracy rate does not apply to a criminal’s face So eyewitness memory must be pretty accurate…right?

Why isn’t eyewitness memory very accurate? Witness Factors l Age System Variables l Verbal l Exposure Duration Overshadowing l Lineup l Race l Confidence l Reaction Time l Weapon Focus l Post event information l Post-identification feedback

Witness factor: Age l Children are unreliable witnesses l Adults over 60 are more likely to make false identifications

Witness Factor: Exposure Duration l The longer the exposure…the more accurate the identification BUT… the longer the exposure, the more confident the witness, even if wrong

Witness Factor: Race l Better at recognizing own-race faces l Recognize own race faces holistically rather than by features l Holistic recognition comes from experience with or exposure to other races

Witness Factor: Confidence is a weak eyewitness accuracy l Confidence predictor of Accuracy

Witness Factor: Reaction Time l If an eyewitness comes to a decision within a 10 -12 second window, they are more likely to be accurate combination with confidence, 90% accurate l In

Witness Factor: Weapon Focus l. A witness confronted with a weapon tends to focus on the weapon rather than the perpetrator’s face. l Flashbulb memory l Challenger l High Study arousal did not lead to better memory

System Variable: Verbal Overshadowing l Verbally describing a face can impair future attempts to identify the face who first described a face were 1. 27 times more likely to misidentify the face from a lineup l Individuals

System Variable: Lineup Fairness l People in the lineup should be selected based on similarity to the perpetrator l No l The individual should stand out in the lineup interviewer should not “favor” any individual in the lineup

You've discovered a problem with the crime scene photos from a recent case. Someone has tampered with your crime scene! See how many differences you can spot between these two photographs of the same crime scene

Which is the correct penny? NOTE: You cannot look at a real penny! 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

There was nothing Leon, the driver, could do about the impending crash of the car he was driving. Leon knew the car would be completely demolished in the crash. After the crash Leon didn’t have a scratch on him. How can that be?

Leon was driving a remote control car. or He was playing a video game.

An inconsiderate slob dumped trash on Rachel Rabbit's lawn. One of these two suspects is guilty. Slylock Fox found evidence that may identify the loathsome litterbug. What did Slylock observe to help him identify the Hint: Notice the bones in the trash tosser? trash.

Slylock found bones in the trash. The bull is an herbivore and only eats plants. The raccoon is an omnivore and eats both plants and animals. The raccoon is the trash tosser.

HISTORY l In modern crime solving there are normally two avenues of investigation, one involving people and the other involving physical evidence.

l 1814 Mathieu Orfila: Writes the first scientific paper on the diction of poisons. He latter published articles on the classification of poisons ( toxicology) and is known as the father of toxicology.

1879 Alphonse Bertillon : publishes his first book on anthropometry, a personal identification method based on 11 body measure ments. l This was the first system of personal identification used by the police. After a famous case (william west) showed that two different people had the same anthropometry measurements, the sys tem was abandoned and fingerprints became the preferred tool. l

1887 Arthur Conan Doyle: publishes his first Sherlock Holmes novel, A Study in Scarlet. . l Francis Gallon (1892): publishes the book Fingerprints, which helps police departments use fingerprints as a means of personal identification. In the book, Gallon explains the many different characteristics of fingerprints and how they can combine to form a unique print for each person. l

Hans Gross (1893)publishes the book Criminal Investigation, which shows how the police can use science to help in criminal inves tigations. Hans Gross is considered by many to have been the first true criminologist. l Paul Jeserich; ( 1898) develops forensic chemistry. l Karl Landsteiner: (1901)discovers the ABO blood groups. l 1908: The U. S. Bureau of Investigation (BOI) is formed with 34 agents. l

l 1910 Albert Osborn publishes the book Questioned Documents, which explains the scientific analysis of a suspected docu ment. A questioned document is one of uncertain origin. The methods developed by Osborn are still in use today in the examination of counterfeiting, alteration, obscuring, and obliteration of written instruments.

l 1910 Edmond Locard establishes a crime laboratory in the police department in Lyon, France. he is referred to as the “father of forensic science. ” His observation that “Every contact leaves a trace” is one of the guiding principles of forensic science.

l 1915 Leone Lattes: discovers a method for typing dried bloodstains. Based on the pioneering work of typing whole blood done by Karl Landsteiner, Lattes developed a method to type dried bloodstains. The method is so sensitive that it has been used to determine the blood types of mummies.

l The first crime laboratory in the United States is set up as part of die Los Angeles Police Department. l : New York City establishes the Bureau of Forensic Ballistics run by C. E. Waite, Calvin Goddard, Philip Gravelle, and John Fisher.

l 1929 Calvin Goddard: considered the “father of firearms identification, ” matches the bullets recovered from the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre to the weapons from which they were fired. He establishes the use of the comparison microscope for bullet identification. Goddard is credited with making the first match of a bullet from a murder victim with a suspect’s gun.

MILESTONES IN FIREARMS IDENTIFICATION 1835 Henry Goddard First successful murderer identification from bullet removed from victim’s body 1889 Professor Lacassagne identified grooves on a removed bullet removed from a corpse and matched it to a suspect’s weapon 1898 Jeserich took microphotographs of fatal and test bullets He testified the defendant’s revolver fired the fatal bullet 1926 Calvin Goddard was most responsible for raising firearm identification to a science 1 -15

1932 : The U. S. BOI establishes a forensic crime laboratory, which will become the center of forensic analysis and research in the United States. l 1935 : The BOI changes its name to the Federal Bureau of Investi gation (FBI). l 1953 Paul Kirk: publishes the book Crime l Investigation.

LOCARD'S PRINCIPLE l l In 1910 Edmond Locard : persuaded the police department of Lyon, France, to hire him as their first forensic scientist. They also provided him with two assistants and some space in the attic of police headquarters to build a makeshift laboratory. He was quickly able to help them solve many famous cases by using science to analyze the physical evidence. He solved a case involving the counterfeiting of gold coins by analyzing metal scrapings on the suspect's clothing, a case of strangulation by analyzing fingernail scrapings from the vic tim, and countless murders by analyzing fingerprints.

Locard's principle can best be stated as "Every contact leaves a trace. " When asked to help the police with an investigation, one of the first things Locard asked for was the suspect's clothing. l He hung the clothing over a clean piece of white paper and carefully brushed it to remove any trace evidence adhering to the fabric. The physical evidence was then analyzed and used to determine with what the suspect had been in contact. l

Physical evidence triangle l l Flow of Investigation People ( interrogation of suspects/ witnesses) Evidence ( collection, analysis)

ROLE OF A FORENSIC SCIENTIST The forensic scientist is one part of the criminal justice system whose function is to analyze physical evidence. l To do this, he or she must be an expert in some scientific area that is used in the investigation of crime. l l Read case: Norman Thorne (cause of death) forensic detective book)

In the past, most forensic scientists had college degrees in chemistry, biology, or physics, became experts in their fields by completing an apprenticeship program where they worked in a crime lab with an experienced forensic scientist until they learned their trade. l Now a days many for scientists graduate from college with specialized 4 year degree forensic science. l

When evidence is brought to the crime lab, it is the role of the forensic scientist to analyze it and give the conclusions to the investigator. These conclusions could involve the identification, comparison, probability, and reliability of the results. l Often, the forensic scientist must testify in court about the results of an analysis the carried out. l

l Sometimes they are called to testify about an analysis more than a year before. l This is why it is important for the to keep a good laboratory notebook and document everything_that is done. These notes help refresh the forensic scientist's memory well as document all aspects of the analysis.

l. A forensic scientist testifies at a trial as an expert witness, l Unlike an ordinary witness, an expert witness can give an opinion. l The courts allow experts in the field to analyze the evidence and explain their results to the court.

l The role of the forensic scientist to educate the jury about the sci ence behind the analysis so that they have a better understanding of the significance of the results. A judge determines who can act as an expert witness. It is up to the jury to decide how much weight to give the evidence and whether or not to believe the expert.

l The forensic scientist can also be asked to train police officers about evidence types, recognition, and collection and the capabili ties of the crime lab. . It is the job of the forensic scientist to keep the investigators in the field current.

l While the majority of a forensic scientist's time is spent analyzing physical evidence, they are also responsible for testifying about these results and training the people who collect evidence. Added to these responsibilities is the requirement to keep current with advances in their field of expertise.

CAREERS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE l Two more reasons for the popularity of the field include: l 1) the number of jobs available l 2)the degree of satisfaction with the work.

l Forensic science has become a popular career choice, driven not only by media attention but also by the expansion of job opportuni ties. . The publics' interest in forensics is increasing, and the prestige of the position is at an all time high.

l 2002 report by the American Chemical Society in Chemical and Engi neering News (C&EN)stated: Experts predict that more than 10, 000 new forensic scientists will be needed over the next decade to address an exponentially expanding backlog of DNA evidence. —you can't put a price tag on that. "

l Another reason for the rapid increase in the number of crime labs is based on the U. S. Constitution. l The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right of the accused to a fair and speedy trial. Specifically it says:

The majority of all evidence sent to a crime lab is drug related. A forensic scientist must analyze it before the accused can be tried. l The identity of the drug as well as the quantity affect what the charges against the suspect will be. . l The quantity is also important, as this can change the charges from a misdemeanor to a class A 1 felony. In addition, advances in science, such as in forensic DNA, have greatly increased the amount of evidence that can be submitted to the crime lab for analysis l

SPECIALIZED FORENSICS SCIENCE CAREERS l. Some forensic scientists obtain specialized or advanced degrees in preparation for certain forensic careers. l. These fields include medi cine, toxicology, odontology, pathology, psychiatry, engineering, entomology, and anthropology.

l These specialties are of great use in forensic science and are often in high demand. Initially, a coroner investigated any death that was deemed suspi cious. l The word coroner comes from a Latin word meaning "from the crown. " This meant that the coroner was an official, appointed by the king, whose job was to determine the cause of a sudden or unex pected death. .

l. Some states required coroners to be physicians, but others did not. l Sometimes an undertaker took the position since they already had a hearse and knew what to do with a dead body. l The coroner system has gradually been replaced by the medical examiner system.

l. A medical examiner is a physician who is autho rized by state statute to investigate sudden, unexpected, violent, suspicious, or unnatural deaths of persons within the state. The pur pose of this investigation is to detect the cause and manner of death. From this, the medical examiner can determine whethere was a homicide or whether a threat to public safety exists.

l. A forensic pathologist is a physician with specialized training in determining the cause of death and in forensic science. l A pathologist aids a forensic investigation by providing infor mation uncovered during examination of the body.

One important piece of information is the time of death, which can be determined by several methods. l The time since death is always an estimate be cause it is based on many variables that cannot be controlled exactly. For this reason a range of time is normally given. This estimate of how long a person has been dead is called the postmortem interval (PMI).

l Algor mortis is the process by which the body cools after death as a result of loss of heat to the surroundings.

A nomograph is a diagram that allows a complicated mathematical relationship to be solved simply with a ruler. l The time of death nomograph shown in Figure can be used to estimate the time of death based on the deep rectal temperature of the body, surrounding air temperature, body weight, and various other correction factors such as the pres ence of clothing and submersion in water. l

l Table 2. 1 shows correction factors used to account for nonstandard conditions such as clothing, air movement, wet clothing, and in water. The correction factor is multiplied by the body mass to give a better estimate of how long the person has been dead.

TABLE 2. 1 Correction Factors for Body Weight in Estimating Time of Death Wet Clothing or Wet Body Surface Condition of Air Water Correction Factor Naked Flowing 0. 35 Naked Still 0. 5 Naked Moving 0. 7 One or two thin layers Moving 0. 7 Dry Clothing or Dry Covering Condition of Air Correction Factor Naked Moving 0. 75 One or two thin layers Moving 0. 9 Naked Still 1. 0 One or two diin layers Still 1. 1 Two or three thin layers Still 1. 2 One or two thin layers Moving or still 1. 2 Three or four thin layers Moving or still 1. 3 More than four thin layers Moving or still 1. 4 Thick bedspread and clothing combined Moving or still 2. 4

See Handout Figure 2. 2 shows an example of this sort. Suppose that the body was that of a 100 kg male. The rectal temperature was 25. 0°C, and the ambient temperature was 10. 0°C. The body was found naked, and the air was still (so the correction factor is 1. 0). l body mass = 100 kg x 1. 0 = 100 kg l

FIGURE 2. 2 explained Draw a straight line from 25 on the rectum temperature scale to 10 on the ambient temperature scale. l Mark the point where the drawn line intersects the printed diagonal line running down from the top of the rectum temperature scale. Next, draw a line from the center of the circle (on the lower left of the figure) through the intersec tion point you marked. l The point where the line intersects the 100 kg arc indicates the hours since death can be read as about 19. 0 h. Since the line intersects the outer arc in the 2. 8 region, this means there is a 95% level of certainty that the estimate is correct ± 2. 8 h. This puts the time of death between 16. 2 and 21. 8 h ago. l

Most pathologists use the exact formula and enter the data into a computer. This formula, where "T" stands for temperature (°C), "t" stands for time, and "e" stands for the mathematical constant, is l (T -T )/(37. 2 r ) = 1. 25^ 0. 25^° l v rectum ambient'' v ambient' l where B = 1. 2815 (kg 0625) + 0. 0284 l

Livor mortis l is the settling of the blood at the lowest point after death. Since the heart is no longer pumping, gravity causes the blood to pool at the lowest point of the body. l At first, theses patches appear pink, however, with time the blood turns purplish blue Places in the body where blood flow is constricted, such as where is pressing against a hard surface, are not discolored. The process begins in as little as 30 min but does not become permanent until about 8 h after death. A forensic pathologist can use this informa tion to determine if the body has been moved after death and also to get some idea about the time of death (PMI).

Rigor mortis is the stiffening of the muscles of the body. After death the muscles of the body relax. Then they begin to contract because of chemical changes. l Rigor mortis can be observed about 2 h after death. It is usually detected in the head first and then moves into the extremities. l Rigor mortis is normally complete after 6 h and begins to leave the body after 24 h. After 40 h the signs of rigor mortis are completely g l

l There are many factors that affect the timing of rigor mortis, so it is not considered reliable enough to determine the time of death but can be used to help corroborate other methods.

l The main tool a pathologist uses to determine the cause and man ner of a suspicious death i an autopsy, The word autopsy comes from a Latin expression meaning "seeing with your own eyes. " l A pathologist, with the help of an assistant called a diener, performs the autopsy.

AUTOPSY l The whole procedure is carried out in a solemn and dignified manner. Autopsy suites often have the Latin inscrip tion. Hie locus est ubi mors gaudet succurrere vitae, l which means "This is the place where death rejoices to teach those who live, " posted on the wall.

l l There is always a distinct smell associated with an autopsy. It makes some people sick and some faint. Many pathologists use a small dab of oil of wintergreen below their noses and on their masks to help with the smell. The longer a person has been dead, the more the oil of wintergreen is needed.

Autopsy Procedure First the pathologist conducts a gross examination of the exterior of the body and the sheets or bag used to cover and transport it. 2. Records are made of the decedent's name, height, weight, and visi ble characteristics. Photographs are taken from every possible angle. 3. Ultraviolet lights are also used to examine the body. 1.

Next, samples such as blood, urine, hair, and oral swabs are taken. 5. Scrapings from under the nails are also obtained. 6. The body is also x rayed. 7. The pathologist then makes a Y incision with a scalpel. Since the heart is not pumping, there is almost no bleeding. 4.

8. Some pathologists make two shoulder to midchest incisions, and others use one sweeping motion from one shoulder, under the nipples, to the other shoulder. The Y is then extended from the bottom of the Y at the midchest to the pubic bone. 10. An incision is also made across the skull from ear to ear. The skin is pulled back and the bone cut with a vibrating saw. 9.

The pathologist removes the brain and major organs (such as the heart, lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen), which are carefully exam ined and then weighed. Small sections of the organs are routinely collected, and the samples are placed in special jars for further analysis. These samples are usually sent to a histology lab where they can be mounted as slides and any abnormalities analyzed. 12. The pathologist makes a detailed investigation of the internal body and examines the neck and windpipe for possible abnormalities. 11.

13. The pathologist makes a detailed investigation of the internal body and examines the neck and windpipe for possible abnormalities. 14. Once the examination is complete, the pathologist puts the organs back into the body 15. The body is then sewn back together.

forensic toxicologist a person, normally with an advanced degree, who detects the pres ence of poisons or drugs in body fluids, tissues, and organs l is normally sent samples from a body whenever the cause of death is uncertain. The presence of poisons or drugs, as well as the quantities, is essential to the pathologist's determina tion of the cause of death. l works with specialized instruments such as high performance liquid chromatographs, gas chromatographs, and mass spectrometers, which can detect extremely minute quantities of toxic or illegal substances in the human body. l

odontologist l is a forensic dentist who applies the science of dentistry to police investigations. l When a body has been severely burned or disfigured, an odontologist can still make a positive identification through dental records. This is especially useful in the case of a bombing or an airplane or train accident where there is a large number of victims and the damage may preclude.

l In some cases an odontologist can match bite marks to the teeth of a suspect. These can include bite marks on the skin and also those left behind as an impression on some other material.

A forensic psychiatrist la medical doctor who specializes in application of psychiatry to law. l Once a suspect is in custody, a foren sic psychiatrist can testify whether the suspect is competent to stand trial and is responsible for their actions

forensic engineer l applies engineering principles to law. They; often called into cases when there is a structural failure such as bridge or building collapse. The forensic engineer can analyze the structure and determine the cause of the failure. .

forensic entomologist l applies the study of insects to law. One of the most common insects used is the blowfly.

A blowfly almost always lays its eggs in dead tissue. l Certain varieties begin laying eggs within minutes of death. Because of the availability of moisture, blowfly eggs are normally found in open wounds and in the head orifices (nose, ears, and mouth). The eggs hatch and release blowfly larvae (maggots), which continue to feed on the body and grow and shed their skins. l

The stages of development that a blowfly The third time they shed skin it forms a hard capsule around them called a puparium. l Finally, the adult blowfly emerges from the puparium and after a day or two flies away. Evidence of the eggs, larvae (maggots), puparia, and adult flies can be collected from the body and used to determine the time of death. l

l An accurate knowledge of the temperature and weather conditions is also needed since these greatly affect the timing of the life cycle of the blowfly. undergoes l l Eggs > Larvae (maggots) Puparium » • Adult fly >

forensic anthropologist performs specialized examinations of human skeletal remains or badly decomposed bodies for the pur pose of identification. l A forensic anthropologist may be asked to help determine the cause of death, sex, age, postmortem interval, and race. l They are almost always called to help identify skeletal remains found when digging l

ORGANIZATION: l Crime laboratories in the United States are run at two levels: l 1) There are federal crimes labs run by the U. S. government l 2)each state has its own crime labs that are normally operated under laboratories that carry out analyses for a fee.

The five main federal labs are the 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . Department of Justice (DOS) laboratories at the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) the United States Secret Service (USSS), the Department of the Treasury labs at the Drug Enforcement Adminis tration (DEA) the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), postal Inspection Services (PIS) at the U. S. Postal Service (USPS).

l The main forensic laboratory in the United States is run by the FBI and was created on November 24, 1932. J. Edgar Hoover established the FBI as the central forensic laboratory for the United States. l

l Along with finger prints, many other types of forensic standards are kept at the FBI lab. Comparison standards for paint samples, tire patterns, DNA, bullets, explosives, and fibers are but a few of the resources available from the FBI.

UNITS l Because of the need for specialization, forensic labs are normally separated into functional units by scientific discipline. Most crime labs have the following sections.

Chemistry The chemistry unit is often the largest unit in the modern crime lab. l This unit possesses some of the most sophisticated and expensive equipment in the crime lab, such as a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, which is used in analyzing for drugs. l Since the major ity of the evidence submitted to the crime lab is drug related, this unit is normally the largest and has the most personnel. l

l The Sixth Amendment guarantees the right of the accused to a speedy trial. l For this reason the evidence from an arrest involving drugs must be analyzed by the chemistry unit in a timely manner and submitted to the courts. l The chemistry unit also has other instrumentation that is used for the analysis of trace evidence, explosives, metals, paints, and minerals. l l

Physics The physics unit is often involved in the reconstruction of crime scenes. Through the use of Newton's laws of motion and the law l Of conservation of energy a forensic physicist can reconstruct a car accident to determine what happened and who was at fault. Laser can be used to reconstruct a shooting to determine who fired which bullet. l

Biosciences l The biosciences unit is staffed by specially trained biologists who analyze biological materials for DNA. The evidence can include blood, semen, saliva, skin, hair, and other samples, which can be positively linked to a person by the DNA information contained in each cell.

Toxicology l It is the function of the toxicology unit to analyze body fluids, tis sues, and organs for the presence of drugs or poisons. Samples are routinely sent to this unit by a medical examiner as part of an autopsy.

Firearms The firearms unit test fires suspect weapons into a bullet recovery tank so that by using a comparison microscope one can link a bullet to a crime scene. l A comparison microscope can also be used to match markings left on cartridge cases by the firing pin, breech block, extractor, or ejector of the weapon. l

The fingerprints unit can uncover prints that are invisible to the naked eye (latent prints). l This can be accomplished by dusting, chemical, ultraviolet, and alternate light techniques. l The prints can be manually classified or scanned into an automated fingerprint identification system. l

Photography The photography unit has film and digital cameras to record the crime scene. Infrared photography is also used in the study of ques tioned documents and bloodstained garments. l l

Questioned Documents l “Any document suspected of being forged, altered, or counterfeit is sent to the questioned documents unit.

EVIDENCE COLLECTION: l Many larger crime labs have a specialized evidence collection unit. These vans contain all the devices needed to properly collect different types of evidence from a crime scene that might otherwise be missed.

EVIDENCE SUBMISSION AND HOLDING l Evidence taken to the crime lab by crime scene investigators is logged in by the evidence submission unit. This unit maintains the legal chain of custody and is where the evidence submission form is delivered. l Read the OJ Simpson info from notes

Types of Evidence “You can learn a lot by just watching. ” —Yogi Berra, former New York Yankees catcher and sage

Types of Evidence Two general types: § Testimonial—a statement made under oath; also known as direct evidence or Prima Facie evidence § Physical—any object or material that is relevant in a crime; also known as indirect evidence. Examples are hair, fiber, fingerprints, documents, blood, soil, drugs, tool marks, impressions, glass. Chapter 2

Reliability of Eyewitness Factors: § Nature of the offense and the situation in which the crime is observed § Characteristics of the witness § Manner in which the information is retrieved Additional factors: § Witness’s prior relationship with the accused § Length of time between the offense and the identification § Any prior identification or failure to identify the defendant § Any prior identification of a person other than the defendant by the eyewitness Chapter 2

Eyewitness § A police composite may be developed from the witness testimony by a computer program or forensic artist. § “Perception is reality. ” § As a result of the influences in eyewitness memory, physical evidence becomes critical. Chapter 2 Faces—a composite program by Inter. Quest

Value of Physical Evidence § § Generally more reliable than testimonial Can prove that a crime has been committed Can corroborate or refute testimony Can link a suspect with a victim or with a crime scene § Can establish the identity of persons associated with a crime § Can allow reconstruction of events of a crime Chapter 2

Reconstruction Physical Evidence is used to answer questions about: § § what took place how the victim was killed number of people involved sequence of events A forensic scientist will compare the questioned or unknown sample with a sample of known origin. Chapter 2

Types of Physical Evidence § Transient Evidence—temporary; easily changed or lost; usually observed by the first officer at the scene § Pattern Evidence—produced by direct contact between a person and an object or between two objects § Conditional Evidence—produced by a specific event or action; important in crime scene reconstruction and in determining the set of circumstances or sequence within a particular event § Transfer Evidence—produced by contact between person(s) or object(s), or between person(s) and person(s) § Associative Evidence—items that may associate a victim or suspect with a scene or each other; ie, personal belongings —Lee and Labriola in Famous Cases, 2001 Chapter 2

Examples of Transient Evidence § Odor—putrefaction, perfume, gasoline, urine, burning, explosives, cigarette or cigar smoke § Temperature—surroundings, car hood, coffee, water in a bathtub, cadaver § Imprints and indentations— footprints, teeth marks in perishable foods, tire marks on certain surfaces § Markings Chapter 2

Examples of Pattern Evidence—most are in the form of imprints, indentations, striations, markings, fractures or deposits. § § § Blood spatter Glass fracture Fire burn pattern Furniture position Projectile trajectory Tire marks or skid marks Chapter 2 § Clothing or article distribution § Gun powder residue § Material damage § Body position § Tool marks § Modus operandi

Examples of Conditional Evidence § Light—headlight, lighting conditions § Smoke—color, direction of travel, density, odor § Fire—color and direction of the flames, speed of spread, temperature and condition of fire § Location—of injuries or wounds, of bloodstains, of the victim’s vehicle, of weapons or cartridge cases, of broken glass Chapter 2 § Vehicles—doors locked or unlocked, windows opened or closed, radio off or on (station), odometer mileage § Body—position, types of wounds; rigor, livor and algor mortis § Scene—condition of furniture, doors and windows, any disturbance or signs of a struggle

Classification of Evidence by Nature § Biological—blood, semen, saliva, sweat, tears, hair, bone, tissues, urine, feces, animal material, insects, bacterial, fungal, botanical § Chemical—fibers, glass, soil, gunpowder, metal, mineral, narcotics, drugs, paper, ink, cosmetics, paint, plastic, lubricants, fertilizer § Physical—fingerprints, footprints, shoe prints, handwriting, firearms, tire marks, tool marks, typewriting § Miscellaneous—laundry marks, voice analysis, polygraph, photography, stress evaluation, psycholinguistic analysis, vehicle identification Chapter 2

Evidence Characteristics § Class—common to a group of objects or persons § Individual—can be identified with a particular person or a single source Fingerprints Chapter 2 Blood DNA Typing

Class vs Individual Evidence Which examples do you think could be individual evidence? Chapter 2

Class vs Individual Evidence § These fibers are class evidence—there are millions like them. § The large piece of glass fits to the bottle —it is individual evidence Chapter 2