UNIT 1 Foundations of World Civilization 8000 BCE – 600 CE [Barron’s Chps. 4 - 5]
Social Structure & Cross-Cultural Connections Chp. 6 – Strayer Chp. 4 – Barron’s
Class Structures 1. All societies have class distinctions typically defined by… – Wealth, ancestry, or occupation 2. There was less social stratification in hunting & gathering societies – Possession were shared or owned commonly – Exceptions Chieftains, elders, priests. . . (Mc. Coy’s ancestors)
Class Structures 3. Agricultural Societies How could agriculture influence class structure? – Class distinction started being developed – More people have private property…tools & livestock – Food surpluses some people don’t need to be directly involved in food production – Specialization of Labor develops because people are free to develop other skills
Class Structures 3. Agricultural Societies How could agriculture influence class structure? – Social Stratification Develops • • • Certain roles like political or military leadership are more powerful than others Upper and Lower classes start to emerge Social hierarchies are formed ranking social classes
Class Structures 4. Social Hierarchy – Each society puts members into and ranks each social class – Society determines how each class relates to each other – Social mobility is determined • Difficulty of moving from one class to another
Class Structures 4. Social Hierarchy – Religion often determines social hierarchy – Social stratification tends to be rigid i. e. India’s Caste System
Class Structures 4. Social Hierarchy – Advantages of upper class in most early societies… • Legal advantages • Financial advantages • Lenient treatment before the law • Immunity from taxation
Class Structures 5. Who Dominated Society? – In most early societies political, religious, and social power have been control by men We call these…. – Patriarchies • • Male dominated societies Some societies were matriarchal but this was rare…sorry ladies
Forms of Government 1. As societies grow they develop more complex forms of government. Most political systems fall into a few basic systems… – – – – Monarchy Parliament Feudal System Oligarchy Republic Democracy Theocracy Nations
Forms of Government 2. Monarchy – Most common prior to modern era – Single ruler—king, queen, emperor, empress – Power justified via religion • • • Egyptian pharaohs sun god’s incarnation Chinese emperors Mandate of Heaven European kings divine right
Forms of Government 2. Monarchy – Nobility (aristocracy) small group of upper class elite who assist monarch politically, economically, militarily – Societies with limited monarchies often rule in conjunction with parliament • Prior to 1000 CE such system were rare – Monarchs who have lots of power are called autocratic or despotic
Forms of Government 3. Feudal System – Local nobility outweigh central governing authority – Examples include feudal Japan and Europe 4. Oligarchy - Rule by a few - Usually family or small elite group
Forms of Government 5. Republic – All adult (male) citizens play a role in government – Citizens don’t necessarily play equal role in gov’t i. e. Votes of Roman patricians counted more than plebeian votes – A republic can be different from republican form of democracy (representative gov’t)
Forms of Government 6. Democracy – Equal political rights for all (male) citizens – It’s possible for a republic to be fully democratic – Best example of democracy Athens
Forms of Government 7. Theocracy – Governed by religious elite i. e. Modern-day Iran 8. Nations (nation-states) – Centralized governments – Uniform legal system constitution – Common identity language, ethnicity, religion, cultural heritage – This form of gov’t is relatively new idea
Slavery 1. Widespread until 1800 C. E. 2. Prior to 600 C. E. most societies benefited from economic activities reliant on slavery 3. Slaved divided into two groups – Household slaves – Hard labor construction & agriculture
Slavery 4. Societies laws & customs determine slaves legal rights and treatment 5. How did people become slaves? – – – Prisoners of war Captives Debtors who were sold Kidnapped Some societies slavery was hereditary
Slavery 6. Slave Trade – Prior to 1000 C. E. major slave markets grew around the Mediterranean, Africa, China, and the Far East – 1400 – 1800 C. E. Europeans transport millions of Africans to North & South America. Known as the Atlantic slave trade – Serfdom • • Not slavery but similar Peasants Bound to land Had legal rights but vulnerable to abuses that slaves were
War 1. Most common form of human interaction 2. Why fight? – Competition over land, water, livestock, fear / hatred of others 3. Stone Age all able bodied men fought 4. Bronze Age – Specialization of labor makes it possible to create a class of soldiers – Improved metallurgy gave soldiers better weapons
Trade 1. Trade is the exchange of goods – Cultures are forced to interact because of this – Mutually beneficial for cultures to buy, sell, or barter resources 2. Two types of trade… 1. Within societies…brings cities, villages into closer contact 2. Trading with other societies…creates connections & interdependencies
Trade 3. Benefits of trade – Equal trade leads to prosperity for all parties – Exchange of ideas, information, cultural practices – Preserves peace 4. Problems resulting from trade – Trade disputes have led to war – Enemies tried to block trade in order to weaken their adversary i. e. Blockades and sanctions
Trade 5. Ways to trade… – Water transport 1. Mediterranean Sea 2. Indian Ocean 3. Other water trade routes…Baltic Sea, rivers of Western Europe (Rhine & Danube), Black Sea, China’s Pacific shore
Trade 5. Ways to trade… – Land Routes 1. Caravan routes of Sahara desert and the Arabian peninsula 2. Silk Road Longest and most important trade route – Stretched more than 5, 000 miles – Linked China to Mediterranean Coast & Europe
Religious Interaction 1. Religious beliefs spread across borders, allowing different cultures to impact each other 2. How do religions spread? – Peaceful cultural contacts……Buddhism – Missionary activity. . . . Christianity – War………………. . Islam
Religious Interaction 3. As societies interact they often absorb basic religious concepts of their neighbors – Many religious ideas spread through Eurasia i. e. Adoption of Sumerian gods by Babylonians, Rome used Greek deities 4. World’s biggest religions traveled far from their birthplace by 1000 C. E. – Buddhism starts in India (Sri Lanka) spreads to Eastern and Southeastern Asia – Hinduism starts in India spreads to S. E. Asia – Judaism, Christianity, and Islam start in Middle East impact the whole world
Migration of Peoples 1. Migration is the mass movement of large numbers of people 2. Migration has had major effects on ethnic and cultural makeup of most societies 3. When were the continents settled? – Africa humans originate here • – – Bantu Migration 1000 B. C. E. Middle East & Asia 100, 000 years ago Australia 50, 000 years ago Europe 40, 000 years ago Americas 15, 000 years ago
Migration of Peoples 4. After the continents settled, the regions experiencing the greatest waves of migration were Africa, the Pacific, Eurasia – 1000 B. C. E. Bantu spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa – 200 B. C. E. Polynesians from S. E. Asia settled 1000’s of islands making-up today’s Philippians and Indonesia
Migration of Peoples 4. After the continents settled, the regions experiencing the greatest waves of migration were Africa, the Pacific, Eurasia – Europe was flooded with influx of invaders from 200 C. E. to 1000 C. E. Great Age of Migrations • • • Germanic & Asiatic peoples move into Europe Referred to as barbarians Played major role in developing many modern-day European ethnicities and cultures
Religious Traditions & Belief Systems Chp. 5 – Strayer Chp. 5 – Barron’s
Northern Tier Fertile Crescent The Maghreb Arabian Peninsula
Hebrews • Nomadic group in the Fertile Crescent. • Written & spoken language = Hebrew. • Set up the 1 st monotheistic religion. Books: • Holy book = Torah Places of Worship • Synagogue or temple • Religious leader = Rabbi • Holy Day = Saturday Important People • Abraham & Moses Celebrations: • Yom Kippur; Hanukkah; Rosh Hashanah; Passover Important Places: • Jerusalem Major Beliefs: • God = Yahweh
Abraham 1. According to the Hebrew religion, Abraham is the Jewish patriarch. 2. Lived near Sumerian city of Ur. 3. Made a covenant with God (YHWH). • YHWH also known as Yahweh or Jehovah 4. YHWH promised to make Hebrews his “chosen people” and to lead them to the “promised land” (present day Isreal).
Abraham 5. Between 2000 – 1850 B. C. E. , Hebrews left Ur and journeyed westward. 6. Abraham’s leadership was carried on by his son Isaac and later Isaac’s youngest son Jacob. 7. Jacob takes the name Israel (prince). – Jacobs 12 sons are the founders of the 12 tribes of Israel
Abraham’s Covenant 1. Abraham = 1 st Jew & founder of Judaism 2. He makes a covenant (sacred contract) with God. – Hebrews = Chosen People – God makes Abraham leader of the Hebrews. – God gives Abraham a son in his old age (they become the Hebrew people). – God gives Abraham the “Promised Land” (modern day Israel).
Abraham’s family tree Sarah Isaac Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel The Jewish People Kings David & Solomon Abraham
Moses 1. Hebrews move to Egypt due to famine. 2. Hebrews multiply quickly Pharaoh kills all male children for 1 generation. 3. Moses grows up in Pharaoh’s house. Helps govern Egypt. 4. Moses learns he’s adopted & Hebrew; starts treating Hebrews better.
Moses 5. Runs away into desert; God commands Moses to lead Hebrews out of Egypt back to promised land. 6. Moses tells Pharaoh to let the Hebrews leave. 7. Warns Pharaoh if Hebrews are not allowed to go God will send plagues down to Egypt. 8. Due to plagues Pharaoh kicks Hebrew’s out of Egypt.
Moses continued… 9. Pharaoh changes his mind; chases Hebrews to Red Sea. 10. God allows Moses to part Red Sea. 11. Hebrew’s escape; journey in search of Promise Land; must cross desert. 12. Miracles in desert.
Moses continued… 13. Promise Land = Canaan (Israel) 14. Canaanites refuse to leave. 15. God destroys wall around Jericho; set up Kingdom of Israel.
Kingdom of Israel (2 major Kings) KING DAVID KING SOLOMON (David’s Son) • Warrior; Poet; Musician • Political Leader • Good Ruler • Kingdom’s Peek • • • Wise king Built Temple of Jerusalem After Solomon’s reign nation is divided into two.
Zionism 1. Jewish culture & the Diaspora – 70 AD Romans force Jews out of Israel – Maintain Jewish culture in new countries believing one day to return back to Israel – Unites Jews continue to speak Hebrew in their new countries, keep Jewish religion & holidays Causes people in these countries to view Jews as being different – Anti-Semitism Discrimination & prejudice against Jews – Pogroms Organized effort by Russian gov’t to discriminate & kill Jews in Russia.
Zionism 2. ZIONIST MOVEMENT – Movement among the Jews around the world to return to Israel (Palestine). – Jews wanted land in Palestine (Israel) 3. Led by Theodor Herzl 4. Some Jews begin to move to Palestine. – By 1900 -1940 more and more Jews will move to Palestine. Theodor Herzl
Christianity Judeo-Christian Tradition 1. Derived from Judaism 2. Judaism and Christianity form the bedrock of modern-day Western culture.
Christianity Life & Ministry of Jesus 1. Founder of Christianity = Jesus (4 B. C. E. – 29 C. E. ) 2. Also known as the Christ (messiah) 3. Followers believe he is the son of God 4. Historical text containing info. on Jesus… – The Gospels [1 st four books of the Bibles new testament]
Christianity Life & Ministry of Jesus 5. Jesus tried to reform Hebrew laws & traditions 6. He felt sincerity to one’s belief mattered more than following Hebrew traditions. 7. Jesus felt charity, compassion, and forgiveness were most important characteristics to seek after. 8. These tenants were reinforced in his Sermon on the Mount.
Christianity Life & Ministry of Jesus 9. Jesus claimed to be the Christ (Messiah) foretold by Jewish prophecy. 10. Jews people believed the Messiah to be a king who would physically restore the nation of Israel. 11. Jesus taught about a heavenly kingdom instead. 12. Referred to himself as the “Son of God, ” whose teachings would redeem his followers.
Christianity Life & Ministry of Jesus 13. His teaching proved very popular among the poor 14. His claims of being the Messiah angered conservative Jewish people. 15. Roman authorities grew suspicious of his title “King of the Jews” (misinterpretation of what he meant by being the Messiah. 16. Jesus was tried and sentenced to death via crucifixion.
Christianity Early Christian Church 1. Christ’s followers claimed that he had risen from the grave and ascended up to God 2. These believers became known as Christians 3. Jesus closest disciples, known as apostles, 1 st carried on Jesus beliefs…Peter, John, etc… 4. The apostles told the story of Christ’s life, crucifixion, and resurrection. 5. They told of Christ’s 2 nd coming – day when physical world will come to an end
Christianity Early Christian Church 6. Roman law made Christianity illegal. 7. Paul, an apostle of Christ, helped spread Christianity throughout the Middle East, Greece, and Rome. 8. Paul preached from approximately 45 – 64 C. E. 9. Paul helped bring Christianity to non-Jewish people (gentiles)…new religions spreads quickly
Christianity Early Christian Church 10. Many non-Roman Citizens, slaves, women, and the poor convert to Christianity 11. Open to all people 12. Later the organized Christian Church becomes male-dominated but the early church gave women more influential roles (there were limits to this)
Christianity Early Christian Church 13. Women in the organized church (Roman Catholic Church)…. – – Claimed Eve committed “original sin” Paul’s writings put women in secondary position Women were to obey men Not allowed to attain priesthood
Christianity Roman Persecution of Christianity 1. Christianity was persecuted for 1 st 300 years of existence 2. Christians communicated using secret codes, held service is secret catacombs 3. Romans often tried to arrest & execute Christians 4. Those who died for their faith were known as martyrs 5. This persecution strengthened the church
Christianity Legalization and Organized Church 1. Edict of Milan 313 C. E. – Grants legal status to Christianity – Emperor Constantine approves Edict and converts 2. Becomes official religion of the Roman Empire in 392 C. E.
Christianity Legalization and Organized Church 3. Structure of the Church… – Hierarchy of priests, bishops, pope – Men could only serve in clergy – Establish dogma, official set of beliefs, including 1. Christ (human and divine) 2. Trinity (God the Father, Christ the Son, Holy Spirit)
Christianity Legalization and Organized Church 3. Holy book = the Bible – Church completed all books of the Bible – Two parts Old and New Testament
Christianity Legalization and Organized Church 4. Church Fathers – Priests & scholars who attend a series of councils during the 300’s C. E. that create the foundations of the organized church – Famous fathers… • Jerome (347 – 420 C. E. ) Vulgate (1 st Latin translation of Bible) • Augustine (354 – 430 C. E. ) City of God (foundation of Church doctrine) doctrine
Christianity after fall of Rome 1. Rome still the headquarters of the Christian Church in Europe (old Western part of Roman Empire) – Known as Roman Catholic Church 2. Constantinople became headquarters for Eastern Christian Church – Later known as Eastern Orthodox Church
Christianity after fall of Rome 3. Great Schism of 1054 C. E. – Church divided into two groups… – Eastern Orthodoxy [Eastern Church] Byzantine Empire, Middle East, Russia, Ukraine, Eastern Europe – Roman Catholicism [Western Church] Western Europe • Becomes very important institution during Europes Middle Ages
Abraham’s family tree Sarah Abraham Isaac Jacob 12 Tribes of Israel The Jewish People Kings David & Solomon Joseph & Mary Jesus
Muhammad (570 – 632 A. D) 1. Early Life – Born in Mecca – Orphaned as a youth; raised by his uncle; traveled throughout the Arabian Peninsula, exposed to many cultures. 2. Married rich widow named Khadija – Moved up to upper class; spent much of his time meditating on religion. 3. God speaks to Muhammad – Angel Gabriel relates Islamic beliefs to him. – Angel tells Muhammad that God wants Muhammad to be his prophet. – Muhammad submits to God’s will ISLAM = submission to God’s will
Muhammad (Continued…) 4. Muhammad writes down God’s message in holy book KORAN (QU’RAN) – – – Koran is God’s words & teachings NOT Muhammad’s. Muslims believe Koran should only be read in Arabic. ALLAH = GOD 5. Mecca’s reaction – – – Muhammad begins to preach God’s word in Mecca. People came to Mecca to worship many different gods; innkeepers & businessmen made lots of money when these people came. Muhammad tells these people they should only be worshiping 1 God (Allah). People & merchants reject Muhammad’s message. Muhammad becomes poor after his wife dies continues trying to convert people to monotheism he & his followers are forced to leave Mecca.
Muhammad (Continued…) 6. Hijra – Muhammad’s trip from Mecca to Medina. Marks the beginning of the Islamic religion – – 622 C. E. = 1 A. H. (After Hijra) Turning Point in development in Islam. Many people believe Muhammad’s message in Medina. Muhammad builds an army of 10, 000 loyal Muslims. MUSLIM = members of Islamic faith Muhammad uses his army to conquer Mecca becomes religious capital & most holy city for Moslems in 630 A. D. – – 7. Greatest Prophet Muhammad Minor Prophets Abraham, Moses, Jesus 622 A. D. = Hijra 630 A. D. = Muhammad takes Mecca
Koran / Qu’ran 1. Islam’s holy book 2. Allah’s message to humans recorded by Muhammad. 3. Written in Arabic. 4. For Muslims, it’s the actual words of Allah. 5. One of the main guides for how Muslims’ should live their life. – Sharia – ? ? ?
Islam 1. Islam = religion founded by Muhammad; Islam “submission to Allah’s will” 2. Muslim = followers of the Islamic religion; “one who submits” 3. 5 Pillars of Islam = duties and obligations all Muslims worldwide must follow; helps unite Muslims around the world.
Shahada 1. “Testimony” (Profession of Faith for Muslims) – Believe in Allah & Muhammad is greatest prophet. 2. Contains the major beliefs of Islam: – “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his prophet, ” – La ilaha il Allah, Muhammad-ur-Rasool-Allah
Hajj 1. All Muslims who are able are required to make a pilgrimage to Mecca, once in their life. This trip is called the hajj. – – Kaaba site where Abraham almost sacrificed son to God Black Stone part of Abrahams alter used to make the sacrifice D’ul al Hajj 12 th month of year; only time Hajj is made Hajji added to end of you name once you make Hajj
Almsgiving 1. The Qu’ran teaches that all Muslims are equal in the eyes of Allah and that all Muslims are brothers. 2. It also teaches that all we have comes from Allah’s generosity. Therefore Muslims should share Allah’s gifts with other, needy Muslims. – Zakat = Yearly gift required of all Muslims; Muslims must give 2½% of their wealth to the less fortunate. – Sadaqah = Additional gifts to the poor.
Ramadan 1. 9 th month of the Muslim Calendar. 2. Month when Muhammad struggled to accept Allah job as messenger. Muslims commemorate his struggle by: – FASTING: Muslims cannot eat, drink, smoke, or have sex from sunup to sundown for 30 days. – Iftar = breaking the fast (large meals at sundown) – Exceptions: young children, sick, travelers
Prayer 1. All Muslims should pray facing the city of Mecca. 2. This is done 5 times a day, at specific times. 3. Mosque – – – Imam = Islamic priest Muezzin = tell people when it’s prayer time Minarets = towers around Mosque
Islam after Muhammad 1. After Muhammad’s death in 632 A. D. Muslims wondered who would be their leader. 2. CALIPH = “successor to the prophet; ” leader of Islam after Muhammad. – – 1 st Caliph Muhammad’s son-in law After he died Muslims disagree who should be next Caliph. (Schism = religious division over doctrine) 3. Types of Muslims – – SUNNI Caliph should be person with most knowledge of the Koran SHIITE Caliph should be descendant of Muhammad
Abraham’s family tree Sarah Abraham Isaac Ishmael (Abraham’s first born & heir) Jacob The Arab People 12 Tribes of Israel The Jewish People Kings David & Solomon Hagar Muhammad Joseph & Mary Jesus Muslims
Western Religions: Similarities & Differences JUDAISM Covenant “Chosen People” Promised Land Moses = Main prophet Synagogue / Rabbi Torah Messiah will come CHRISTIANITY Monotheism Heaven/Hell Same God Abraham Jerusalem Jesus = God’s son Jesus = Messiah Bible, Church Minister/Priest Mary Muhammad = Main Prophet Qu’ran Mosque Imam 5 Pillars Jihad ISLAM
Eastern Religions & Philosphies
Aryan Civilizations 1, 200 - 200 B. C. 1. The Aryans had a written and spoken language called Sanskrit. 2. The Aryans wrote the Vedas which become Hindu holy texts. – Rig-Veda = Oldest religious text 3. The Vedas divided jobs among the people and set up the varnas which later became Hinduism’s Caste System. 4. Aryans villages were ruled by hereditary tribal chiefs, called rajahs.
Hinduism: Basic Belief System Reincarnation Cycle of death & rebirth MOKSHA = freedom from reincarnation Karma Results of your actions that come back to affect you; cosmic payback Dharma Rules Hindu’s must abide by in their life Different for each person
Hinduism The Caste System – Hereditary social classes in Hindu Society – Can not change during your life – Ranks you according to the purity of your Atman – Varna = Caste v Aryan’s set up to determine what job’s you were eligible for
Hindu Caste System Reincarnation moves you up or down social ladder Moksha will free you from reincarnation only after being a good Brahmin 1. Brahmin - or priests: the highest varna, believed to have emerged from Brahman’s mouth. (i. e. teachers, cooks) 2. Kashatriya the warrior or ruling class who were made from Brahman’s arms. (i. e. gov’t officials, officers in army) 3. Vaishya merchants or artisans who came from Brahman’s thighs. 4. Sudra the unskilled labourers and servants who emerged from Brahman’s feet. These were the lowest class, or varna. (i. e. common soldier, construction workers) =========== Untouchables (Harijans) Those too lowly to be within the varna system were known as the untouchables – Unclean / Impurity is contagious / Beggars, Sewer Workers/ Live outside village
Caste System (Effects on Indian Society) (+) EFFECTS – Work divided up evenly between people (people know what they can / can’t do) (-) EFFECTS – Jobs tied to caste system (i. e. Untouchables unwilling to apply for work at new factory—they would believe that work is reserved for Shudra’s)
3 Major Hindu Gods BRAHMAN = Brahman is the name given to the oneness of the universe. All knowing, all powerful god; breaks himself up into 3 other gods. Brahma: Shiva: Vishnu: Creator god Destroyer god (god of death) Preserver or Sustainer god
Other Hindu Gods & Goddesses Lord Ganesha Lord Krishna Lord Rama Goddess Durga Goddess Saraswati Goddess Lakshmi
Hindu Holy Texts: 1. Vedas – Series of holy books; basis for Hinduism – Explains Dharma / Karma / Reincarnation 2. Upanishads – Experts interpretation of Vedas – Reference books 3. Mahabharata – Poem with over 100, 000 verses – Explains why & how you should act 4. Bhagavad-Gita “Song of the Lord” – Section of Mahabharata – Most important holy book; story of Lord Krishna
Buddhism LIFE OF SIDDHARTHA GUATAMA 1. Founder= Siddhartha Guatama (India) 2. Prince – Grows up wealthy 3. Meditation & Enlightenment – Meets people worse off than himself. – Wonders why people suffer so much; fasts to figure out why this is so. 4. Basic Philosophy – Finally figures out how world works = enlightment. – Reach enlightenment = Buddha 5. Sacred Text: – “Three baskets of Wisdom”
The Four Noble Truths 1. 2. 3. 4. Life is suffering. Suffering is caused by desires for earthly things. To end suffering, you must end your desires. To end desires, you must follow The Eightfold Path of Conduct. ============ Reincarnation = end of life; reborn over & over again Nirvana = not a place; a new state of mind, a new existence, perfection.
The Eightfold Path of Conduct • Steps taken to stop worldly desires • Complete these steps = freed from reincarnation; achieve Nirvana 1. Right effort 2. Right resolve 3. Right mindfulness 4. Right actions 5. Right views 6. Right concentration 7. Right speech 8. Right livelihood
2 Types of Buddhism 1. Theravada Buddhism – Oldest form of Buddhism (founded in India) – Remains closer to spirit of Buddha’s actual teachings – Emphasizes simplicity, meditation, and interpretation of nirvana – predominant religion of Sri Lanka and most of continental Southeast Asia (Cambodia, Laos, Burma, Thailand)
2 Types of Buddhism 2. Mahayana Buddhism – Widespread in northern and northeastern Asia— Japan, Korea, Tibet, parts of China – More elaborate than Theravada Buddhism • • Involves more rituals and symblogy—priests, ceremonies, and new scriptures Ironically these practices are very similar to Hinduism, which Buddha himself disapproved of – Most Buddhist today follow this form
Mauryan Empire 324 – 184 B. C. E. 1. A large empire that covered northern India. 2. A road system was set up and irrigation canals were built. 3. Asoka was the greatest of the Maurya rulers. After winning a major battle, he converted to Buddhism and became a much kinder, caring ruler. He became a very tolerant ruler who rejected violence. 4. Asoka’s wise rule helped spread Buddhism to China and Southeast Asia It is because of Asoka’s efforts that Buddhism is a major world religion today.
Zhou Dynasty • • Longest dynasty (over 900 years!!) Mandate of Heaven Age of Philosophers Much of Chinese culture develops.
Confucius "A Jade stone is useless before it is processed; a man is good-for-nothing until he is educated. " • Kung Fu-tzu • Wanted to be in gov’t; became a teacher • Lived during time of chaos- tried to fix Zhou society • Wanted to set up a perfect society • Teachings collected by his students into the book the Analects. • Li
Confucian Society • Order: – 5 Relationships • • Ruler Subject Father/Son Husband/Wife Older Brother/Younger Brother(s) • Friend/Friend • Responsibility – Jen – Loyalty – Filial Piety • Families – – Patriarchy Ancestoral Worship Clans Marriage • • • – – – Age Purpose Arranged Patrilocal Husband/Wife relationship Sons & Daughters In-Laws Divorce Concubines Foot binding
Footbinding • The Chinese found small feet to be a very attractive physical feature in a woman. • Wealthy Chinese women wrapped or bound, their feet, beginning at a young age, to keep them from getting big. • The result was a “lily foot” (because it resembled the flower’s shape). They were difficult to stand on and hurt to walk for any distance.
Footbinding
Confucian Society (cont. ) Based on EDUCATION & CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIETY • Scholar (Gentry) • Peasant • Artisan ============= • Merchant • “Mean” People Social Mobility
Daoism • Native Chinese religion • Founded during Zhou Dynasty by Laozi (Lao Tzu) • Stresses respect for and cooperation with NATURE • Dao • Text: The Dao de Qing (The Way and the Power Classic) • Simple, natural things are superior to man-made things. • Encouraged study of science & math • Major influence on Chinese art. • Relationship with Confucianism
Yin & Yang Equal, opposing forces in nature Yin: Yang: • Light • Darkness • Heaven • Earth • Positive • Negative • Male • Female • Sun • Moon • Forceful • Weakness • Fire • Water • Heat • Cold • Dominant • Passive • Yin & Yang must be kept in balance for things to work properly. • If unbalanced, chaos, disorder, illness results.
Legalism Han Feizi, Founder of Legalism • Philosophy set up by Han Feizi (during the Zhou Dynasty). • Believed humans were naturally evil. • Rulers must control people and teach them to behave via strict rules & harsh punishments. • Effective, but extremely unpopular.
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